| 1. |
- Ahlberg, Beth Maina, 1949-, et al.
(författare)
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“Just Throw It Behind You and Just Keep Going” : Emotional Labor when Ethnic Minority Healthcare Staff Encounter Racism in Healthcare
- 2022
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Sociology. - Switzerland : Frontiers Media S.A.. - 2297-7775. ; 6
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Encountering racism is burdensome and meeting it in a healthcare setting is no exception. This paper is part of alarger study that focusedonunderstandingandaddressingracismin healthcare in Sweden. In the paper, we draw on interviews with 12 ethnic minority healthcare staff who described how they managed emotional labor in their encounters with racism at their workplace. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis. The analysis revealed that experienced emotional labor arises from two main reasons. The first is the concern and fear that ethnic minority healthcare staff have of adverse consequences for their employment should they be seen engaged in discussing racism. The second concerns the ethical dilemmas when taking care of racist patients since healthcare staff are bound by a duty of providing equal care for all patients as expressed in healthcare institutional regulations. Strategies to manage emotional labor described by the staff include working harder to prove their competence and faking, blocking or hiding their emotions when they encounter racism. The emotional labor implied by these strategies could be intense or traumatizing as indicated by some staff members, and can therefore have negative effects on health. Given that discussions around racism are silenced, it is paramount to create space where racism can be safely discussed and to develop a safe healthcare environment for the benefit of staff and patients.
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| 2. |
- Bradby, Hannah, 1966-, et al.
(författare)
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‘You are Still a Guest in This Country!’ : Understanding Racism through the Concepts of Hospitality and Hostility in Healthcare Encounters in Sweden
- 2022
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Ingår i: Sociology. - : Sage Publications. - 0038-0385 .- 1469-8684.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- While regularly applied to globalized migration, conceptualizations of hospitality have rarely been used to understand healthcare settings. Drawing on interviews with healthcare staff in Sweden, our article contributes to the current conceptualization of hospitality accounting for: the internal contradictions of hospitality that racialized staff experience in their everyday interactions with patients and other staff; the shifting boundaries between host and guest in everyday healthcare practices, especially when examined through the lens of racialization and finally; the subtle though troubled coexistence of hostility and un(conditional) hospitality that weakens resistance against racism. The analysis maps the complex contingencies of professional, ethnic and national relations between staff and patients, in light of their racialized and gendered nature, to suggest that the ambivalences theorized as part of the concept of hospitality show how the hurts of racism are so hard to pinpoint.
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| 3. |
- Hamed, Sarah
(författare)
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Healthcare Staff's Racialised talk : Examining Accounts of Racialisation in Healthcare
- 2022
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis contributes to the literature on racism in healthcare and the scholarship on racism and racialisation by moving the current focus of healthcare literature from demonstrating the existence of racism to examining accounts of racialisation through analysing healthcare staff’s racialised talk. Drawing from critical ‘race’ and postcolonial theories, the thesis departs from the premise that racism is a structural phenomenon embedded in nation states and institutions, including healthcare across the globe. Through a scoping review ofstudies on racism in healthcare, this thesis maintains that the current literature does not conceptualise racism as structural, and does not attempt to uncover accounts of racialisation. The review argues that the trends uncovered are part of why racism continues to reproduce itself in healthcare, despite equality regulations and policy makers’ efforts to eradicate racism. The thesis posits racialisationas a process situated within the sociohistorical playing out of colonial domination, where in groups of people are stratified somatically and culturally within groups of subordination and supraordination. Societies, institutions, and interactions are viewed as racialised such that an analysis ofracialised talk captures the seemingly subtle racialisation intrinsic tohealthcare. Analytically, the excavation of racialised talk regards talk as reflective and constitutive of the dominant structures within which talk is situated. Drawing on qualitative interviews with 58 healthcare staff in Sweden, the thesis examines how healthcare staff’s racialised talk is used to devalue minority healthcare users and obfuscate racism. The findings of this thesis contradict previous characterisations of racism in today’s society as covert. Racialised talk against minority healthcare users is found to be overt and used to categorise minority users as ‘bad’ users and their health complaints as ‘unworthy’ by labeling symptoms as ‘ethnic’, ‘cultural’ or ‘functional’. The devaluingof minority healthcare users through talk further justifies differential and suboptimal care. Besides demonstrating that racialised talk in healthcare is overt, this thesis proposes that by emphasising healthcare neutrality and equality regulations, blaming minorities for racism, viewing racism as an individual aberration, locating racism outside both national and institutional contexts, healthcare staff manage (albeit inadvertently) to obfuscate racism. It is suggested that obfuscation of racism may serve to allow racism to be perpetuated, resulting in a culture of resignation, where resistance to racism isnegligible.
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| 4. |
- Hamed, Sarah, et al.
(författare)
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Racism in healthcare : a scoping review
- 2022
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Ingår i: BMC Public Health. - London. United Kingdom : Springer Nature. - 1471-2458. ; 22
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- BackgroundRacism constitutes a barrier towards achieving equitable healthcare as documented in research showing unequal processes of delivering, accessing, and receiving healthcare across countries and healthcare indicators. This review summarizes studies examining how racism is discussed and produced in the process of delivering, accessing and receiving healthcare across various national contexts.MethodThe PRISMA guidelines for scoping reviews were followed and databases were searched for peer reviewed empirical articles in English across national contexts. No starting date limitation was applied for this review. The end date was December 1, 2020. The review scoped 213 articles. The results were summarized, coded and thematically categorized in regards to the aim.ResultsThe review yielded the following categories: healthcare users’ experiences of racism in healthcare; healthcare staff’s experiences of racism; healthcare staff’s racial attitudes and beliefs; effects of racism in healthcare on various treatment choices; healthcare staff’s reflections on racism in healthcare and; antiracist training in healthcare. Racialized minorities experience inadequate healthcare and being dismissed in healthcare interactions. Experiences of racism are associated with lack of trust and delay in seeking healthcare. Racialized minority healthcare staff experience racism in their workplace from healthcare users and colleagues and lack of organizational support in managing racism. Research on healthcare staff’s racial attitudes and beliefs demonstrate a range of negative stereotypes regarding racialized minority healthcare users who are viewed as difficult. Research on implicit racial bias illustrates that healthcare staff exhibit racial bias in favor of majority group. Healthcare staff’s racial bias may influence medical decisions negatively. Studies examining healthcare staff’s reflections on racism and antiracist training show that healthcare staff tend to construct healthcare as impartial and that healthcare staff do not readily discuss racism in their workplace.ConclusionsThe USA dominates the research. It is imperative that research covers other geo-political contexts. Research on racism in healthcare is mainly descriptive, atheoretical, uses racial categories uncritically and tends to ignore racialization processes making it difficult to conceptualize racism. Sociological research on racism could inform research on racism as it theoretically explains racism’s structural embeddedness, which could aid in tackling racism to provide good quality care.
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