| 1. |
- Harrysson, Fredrik, et al.
(författare)
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Efficient experimental evaluation of a MIMO handset with user influence
- 2010
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Ingår i: IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications. - 1536-1276. ; 9:2, s. 853-863
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The immediate environment of handset antennas, including the casings and the users holding the handsets, has a strong impact on the radio channel in mobile communication. In this paper we investigate a composite channel method that synthetically combines double-directional measurements of the userless propagation channel with measured super-antenna patterns, i.e., patterns of the combined antenna-casing-user arrangement. We experimentally evaluate the method by comparing results (power, capacity, and eigenvalue distribution) obtained from this composite method with direct measurements in the same environment. The measurements were done in two static 8 × 4 MIMO scenarios at 2.6 GHz, with the user indoors and the base station located outdoors and indoors, respectively. A realistic user phantom together with a “smart-phone” handset mock-up with four antenna elements was used, and different configurations and orientations were tested. The method gives statistical distributions of the MIMO eigenvalues, that are close to the measured. By using the composite method, we found that the user, apart from introducing hand and body loss that mainly decreases the SNR of the channel, slightly increases the correlation between the fading at the antenna elements.
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| 2. |
- Harrysson, Fredrik, et al.
(författare)
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Evaluation of an Outdoor-to-In-Car Radio Channel with a Four-Antenna Handset and a User Phantom
- 2011
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Ingår i: Vehicular Technology Conference VTC 2011-Fall.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Based on static outdoor channel measurements we evaluate the influence of a vehicle on the MIMO radio channel, from a base station antenna array, to a multiple antenna handset in the hand of a user placed inside a test car. The measurement scenario is chosen to mimic a 2.6 GHz (LTE) macro-cell urban or rural scenario with two locations and orientations of the car, one at an open parking lot with a strong line-of-sight component, and one between buildings with no line-of-sight. The measurements are repeated several times with the user phantom plus handset positioned at the same spot within the car and with the car absent. Figures of the penetration loss, impact on fading statistics, mean delay, delay spread, terminal antenna correlation, eigenvalue distributions, as well as the performance of various hybrid diversity combining and spatial multiplexing schemes, are evaluated and compared with and without the vehicle present. It is found that the car make the channel statistics become more Rayleigh like and increases multipath channel richness, improving the potential of diversity gain and, to some extent, spatial multiplexing.
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| 3. |
- Harrysson, Fredrik, et al.
(författare)
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Evaluation of user hand and body impact on multiple antenna handset
- 2010
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Ingår i: [Host publication title missing]. - 1522-3965 .- 1947-1491. - 9781424449675
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- From our experimental investigation of multiple-antenna performance and user impact of a realistic mobile terminal setup, we find that apart from the important loss of efficiency due to the user hand, the impact on the individual antennna elements and the directional impact of the user body shadowing have quite small influence on the diversity and capacity performance. It is found that the top and bottom placement of antennas within the handset case are the most efficient to be used with up to two antenna elements. There are, however, significant diversity and capacity gain that can be explored by using four distributed antennas even if only two radio chains are available through hybrid selection and combining schemes. It was also found that the practical method of choosing antennas based on signal power for 2 branch MIMO with 4 available handset antennas, performs well compared to the optimal solution.
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| 4. |
- Harrysson, Fredrik, et al.
(författare)
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Experimental Investigation of the Directional Outdoor-to-In-Car Propagation Channel
- 2013
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Ingår i: IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology. - 1939-9359. ; 62:6, s. 2532-2543
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Abstract in UndeterminedThe demand for wireless channel models including realistic user environments is increasing. This motivates work on more detailed models that are reasonably simple and tractable but with adequatestatistical performance. In this paper, we present an investigation of the spatial outdoor-to-in-car radio channel at 2.6 GHz. Specifically, we investigate the performance of a multiple antenna smartphone mockup in the hand of a user. We evaluate and utilize a composite channel approach to combine measured antenna radiation patterns with an estimated spectral representation of the multipath channel outside and inside the car in two different scenarios. The performance of the method is investigated and comparisons with direct channel measurements are performed. Statistical and directional properties of the outdoorto-in-car channel are presented and analyzed. It is found that the composite method, despite nearfieldproblems when estimating plane-wave channel parameters in a very narrow environment, constitutes a tool that provides reasonably viable statistical results. In addition, we have found that the introduction of the car in the propagation environment increases scattering and eigenvalue dispersion while it decreases pairwise antenna signal correlation. These statistical properties are found to slightly increase the possible diversity and the spatial multiplexing gains of multiple antenna terminals when located inside cars. Thispositive effect, however, is small compared to the negative effect of car penetration loss.
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| 5. |
- Harrysson, Fredrik
(författare)
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Multiple Antenna Terminals in Realistic Environments - A Composite Channel Modeling Approach
- 2012
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- For evaluation of specific antenna arrangements in wireless communication systems we need physical channel models that take into account also the directional domain of the propagation channel. In this thesis we investigate, validate and propose a practical approach to wireless channel modeling and, particularly, to mobile communication systems. For this we make the assumption that the channel can be divided into separate parts, or regions that can be treated and modeled separately. The basic idea is that the antenna parts of the channel is the parts considered in the design of base station antennas and user equipments and can be characterized by a single measurement of each design, while the propagation part of the channel can be characterized separately, independent of the specific installed base station antenna or the user equipment, but based on generic channel sounder measurements with, as far as possible, open areas around the transmitter and the receiver antennas. For more complex antenna environments we may imagine intermediate scattering regions of the channel model between the antenna parts and the propagation part, that can or cannot be handled separately, e.g., the body of a mobile phone user, an office desk, a vehicle, surroundings of base station antennas in dense deployments, etc. A first step in evaluating such a composite channel modeling approach is to verify the validity of communication link simulations were the mobile phone antennas together with the user can be treated as a super-antenna with its aggregate far-field pattern to be combined with a directional channel model in a classical way. This is first presented in Paper II, and the method is in its extensible form here referred to as a composite channel method. It is found that this method, as we expected, work well for statistical performance evaluation of diversity and spatial multiplexing. An extension of the composite approach is outlined with an attempt to find a simple yet accurate directional scattering model for, firstly, the user body, and, secondly, a car environment with the user inside. A simple model that still catch the proper influence of antenna efficiency, fading statistics, and correlation at the mobile side. In Paper I a first investigation of user influence on an indoor 2x2 multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) link is performed based on a narrowband measurement setup and the diversity performance is evaluated. In Paper II, the first step of the composite channel approach is evaluated with respect to MIMO by channel measurements including user influence in two static outdoor-to-indoor and indoor-to-indoor scenarios. The approach is verified for statistical properties such as antenna correlation and MIMO eigenvalue distributions. It is found, with extended detail given in Paper III that the presence of the user, apart from introducing hand and body absorption and mismatch that increases the path loss, also increases the correlation between the antenna branch signals and, thus, slightly decreases potential MIMO capacity. In Paper IV and Paper V the investigation is extended to the scenario were the user is located inside a family car (station wagon). In Paper IV a first analysis of an outdoor MIMO measurements campaign with the user outside and inside the car is presented. The results show an increased scattering inside the car that improves mainly the potential diversity gain, and to some extent also the potential MIMO capacity gain, to the cost of higher path loss (lower SNR) due to car penetration loss. An important observation is the dependency of this penetration loss on the directional properties of the outer propagation channel, which indicates a possible need for scenario dependent penetration loss in general channel modeling. In Paper V this is further verified with directional estimation of the propagation channel both outside and inside the car. We also find that the composite channel method with the inherit assumption of plane-waves impinging on the mobile terminal, actually does produce good results even in this close near-field environment inside the car with the nearby scatterers within the far-field (Rayleigh) distance of the probe antenna array.
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