| 1. |
- Wierenga, Lara M., et al.
(författare)
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Greater male than female variability in regional brain structure across the lifespan
- 2022
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Ingår i: Human Brain Mapping. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 1065-9471 .- 1097-0193. ; 43:1, s. 470-499
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- For many traits, males show greater variability than females, with possible implications for understanding sex differences in health and disease. Here, the ENIGMA (Enhancing Neuro Imaging Genetics through Meta-Analysis) Consortium presents the largest-ever mega-analysis of sex differences in variability of brain structure, based on international data spanning nine decades of life. Subcortical volumes, cortical surface area and cortical thickness were assessed in MRI data of 16,683 healthy individuals 1-90 years old (47% females). We observed significant patterns of greater male than female between-subject variance for all subcortical volumetric measures, all cortical surface area measures, and 60% of cortical thickness measures. This pattern was stable across the lifespan for 50% of the subcortical structures, 70% of the regional area measures, and nearly all regions for thickness. Our findings that these sex differences are present in childhood implicate early life genetic or gene-environment interaction mechanisms. The findings highlight the importance of individual differences within the sexes, that may underpin sex-specific vulnerability to disorders.
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| 2. |
- Martin, Joanna, et al.
(författare)
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Investigating gender-specific effects of familial risk for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and other neurodevelopmental disorders in the Swedish population
- 2020
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Ingår i: BJPsych Open. - : Cambridge University Press. - 2056-4724. ; 6:4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Many psychiatric disorders show gender differences in prevalence. Recent studies suggest that female patients diagnosed with anxiety and depression carry more genetic risks related to attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) compared with affected males.Aims: In this register-based study, we aimed to test whether female patients who received clinical diagnoses of anxiety, depressive, bipolar and eating disorders are at higher familial risk for ADHD and other neurodevelopmental disorders, compared with diagnosed male patients.Method: We analysed data from a record-linkage of several Swedish national registers, including 151 025 sibling pairs from 103 941 unique index individuals diagnosed with anxiety, depressive, bipolar or eating disorders, as well as data from 646 948 cousin pairs. We compared the likelihood of having a relative diagnosed with ADHD/neurodevelopmental disorders in index males and females.Results: Female patients with anxiety disorders were more likely than affected males to have a brother with ADHD (odd ratio (OR) = 1.13, 95% CI 1.05-1.22). Results for broader neurodevelopmental disorders were similar and were driven by ADHD diagnoses. Follow-up analyses revealed similar point estimates for several categories of anxiety disorders, with the strongest effect observed for agoraphobia (OR = 1.64, 95% CI 1.12-2.39). No significant associations were found in individuals with depressive, bipolar or eating disorders, or in cousins.Conclusions: These results provide modest support for the possibility that familial/genetic risks for ADHD may show gender-specific phenotypic expression. Alternatively, there could be gender-specific biases in diagnoses of anxiety and ADHD. These factors could play a small role in the observed gender differences in prevalence of ADHD and anxiety.
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| 3. |
- Solberg, Berit Skretting, et al.
(författare)
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Maternal fiber intake during pregnancy and development of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms Across Childhood : The Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study (MoBa)
- 2024
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Ingår i: Biological Psychiatry. - : Elsevier. - 0006-3223 .- 1873-2402. ; 95:9, s. 839-848
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Epidemiological studies suggest that the maternal diet quality during pregnancy may influence the risk of neurodevelopmental disorders in the offspring. Here we investigated the associations between maternal intake of dietary fiber and ADHD symptoms in early childhood.METHODS: We used longitudinal data of up to 21,852 mother-father-child trios (49.2% females) from the Norwegian Mother, Father, and Child Cohort Study. The relationships between maternal fiber intake during pregnancy and offspring ADHD symptoms at ages three, five, and eight years were examined using: a) multivariate regression (overall levels of ADHD symptoms), b) latent class analysis (subclasses of ADHD symptoms by sex at each age), and c) latent growth curves (longitudinal change in offspring ADHD symptoms). Covariates were ADHD polygenic scores in child and parents, total energy intake and energy-adjusted sugar intake, parental ages at birth of the child, and socio-demographic factors.RESULTS: a) Higher maternal prenatal fiber intake was associated with lower offspring ADHD symptom scores at all examined ages (βage3=-0.14(95%CI -0.18, -0.10); βage5=-0.14(-0.19, -0.09); βage8=-0.14(-0.20, -0.09)). b) Of the derived low/middle/high subclasses of ADHD symptoms, fiber was associated with lower risk of belonging to middle subclass for boys and girls, and to high subclass for girls only (middle: ORboys 0.91(0.86-0.97)/ORgirls 0.86 (0.81-0.91); high ORgirls 0.82 (0.72-0.94)). c) Maternal fiber intake and rate of change in child ADHD symptoms across ages were not associated.CONCLUSIONS: A low prenatal maternal fiber intake may increase symptom levels of ADHD in childhood, independently of genetic predisposition to ADHD, unhealthy dietary exposures, and socio-demographic factors.
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| 4. |
- Andersson, Anneli, 1992-, et al.
(författare)
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Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and smoking habits in pregnant women
- 2020
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Ingår i: PLOS ONE. - : Public Library of Science. - 1932-6203. ; 15:6
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been associated with an increased risk of tobacco smoking, and more difficulties with smoking cessation compared to non-ADHD individuals. Women with ADHD may therefore show elevated rates of smoking during pregnancy.Aims: To examine the association between ADHD and smoking habits among pregnant women in Sweden and Norway.Methods: Women pregnant for the first time were identified in Sweden (n = 622,037), and Norway (n = 293,383), of which 1.2% (n = 7,444), and 1.7% (n = 4,951) were defined as having ADHD, respectively. Data on smoking habits were collected early and late in pregnancy.Results: In Sweden, ADHD was associated with an increased risk of smoking early in pregnancy, adjusted risk ratio (adjRR) 2.69 (95% confidence interval, 2.58-2.81), and late in pregnancy, adjRR 2.95 (2.80-3.10). Similar findings were observed in the Norwegian data, early in pregnancy, adjRR 2.31 (2.21-2.40), and late in pregnancy, adjRR 2.56 (2.42-2.70). Women with ADHD were more likely to continue smoking during pregnancy, compared to women without ADHD, both in Sweden adjRR 1.13 (1.10-1.17), and in Norway, adjRR 1.16 (1.12-1.20). Having a sibling diagnosed with ADHD was associated with an increased risk of smoking early and late in pregnancy, in both Sweden and Norway.Conclusions: Women with ADHD are considerably more likely to smoke early and late in (their first) pregnancy and are less likely to stop smoking between the two time points. Smoking, early and late in pregnancy, co-aggregates in families with ADHD. Smoking prevention and intervention programs should be targeted towards women with ADHD, specifically during their childbearing years, to ensure better mother and child outcomes.
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| 5. |
- Du Rietz, Ebba, et al.
(författare)
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Mapping phenotypic and aetiological associations between ADHD and physical conditions in adulthood in Sweden : a genetically informed register study
- 2021
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Ingår i: Lancet psychiatry. - : Elsevier. - 2215-0374 .- 2215-0366. ; 8:9, s. 774-783
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Emerging evidence suggests increased risk of several physical health conditions in people with ADHD. Only a few physical conditions have been thoroughly studied in relation to ADHD, and there is little knowledge on associations in older adults in particular. We aimed to investigate the phenotypic and aetiological associations between ADHD and a wide range of physical health conditions across adulthood.METHODS: We did a register study in Sweden and identified full-sibling and maternal half-sibling pairs born between Jan 1, 1932, and Dec 31, 1995, through the Population and Multi-Generation Registers. We excluded individuals who died or emigrated before Jan 1, 2005, and included full-siblings who were not twins and did not have half-siblings. ICD diagnoses were obtained from the National Patient Register. We extracted ICD diagnoses for physical conditions, when participants were aged 18 years or older, from inpatient (recorded 1973-2013) and outpatient (recorded 2001-13) services. Diagnoses were regarded as lifetime presence or absence. Logistic regression models were used to estimate the associations between ADHD (exposure) and 35 physical conditions (outcomes) in individuals and across sibling pairs. Quantitative genetic modelling was used to estimate the extent to which genetic and environmental factors accounted for the associations with ADHD.FINDINGS: 4 789 799 individuals were identified (2 449 146 [51%] men and 2 340 653 [49%] women), who formed 4 288 451 unique sibling pairs (3 819 207 full-sibling pairs and 469 244 maternal half-sibling pairs) and 1 841 303 family clusters (siblings, parents, cousins, spouses). The mean age at end of follow-up was 47 years (range 18-81; mean birth year 1966); ethnicity data were not available. Adults with ADHD had increased risk for most physical conditions (34 [97%] of 35) compared with adults without ADHD; the strongest associations were with nervous system disorders (eg, sleep disorders, epilepsy, dementia; odds ratios [ORs] 1·50-4·62) and respiratory diseases (eg, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ORs 2·42-3·24). Sex-stratified analyses showed similar patterns of results in men and women. Stronger cross-disorder associations were found between full-siblings than between half-siblings for nervous system, respiratory, musculoskeletal, and metabolic diseases (p<0·007). Quantitative genetic modelling showed that these associations were largely explained by shared genetic factors (60-69% of correlations), except for associations with nervous system disorders, which were mainly explained by non-shared environmental factors.INTERPRETATION: This mapping of aetiological sources of cross-disorder overlap can guide future research aiming to identify specific mechanisms contributing to risk of physical conditions in people with ADHD, which could ultimately inform preventive and lifestyle intervention efforts. Our findings highlight the importance of assessing the presence of physical conditions in patients with ADHD.FUNDING: Swedish Research Council; Swedish Brain Foundation; Swedish Research Council for Health, Working Life, and Welfare; Stockholm County Council; StratNeuro; EU Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme; National Institute of Mental Health.
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| 6. |
- Fabiano, Nicholas, et al.
(författare)
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Physical Activity, Suicidal Ideation, Suicide Attempt and Death Among Individuals With Mental or Other Medical Disorders : A Systematic Review of Observational Studies
- 2024
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Ingår i: Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews. - : Pergamon Press. - 0149-7634 .- 1873-7528. ; 158
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- A growing body of research has demonstrated the potential role for physical activity as an intervention across mental and other medical disorders. However, the association between physical activity and suicidal ideation, attempts, and deaths has not been systematically appraised in clinical samples. We conducted a PRISMA 2020-compliant systematic review searching MEDLINE, EMBASE, and PsycINFO for observational studies investigating the influence of physical activity on suicidal behaviour up to December 6, 2023. Of 116 eligible full-text studies, seven (n=141691) were included. Depression was the most frequently studied c mental condition (43%, k=3), followed by chronic pain as the most common other medical condition (29%, k=2). Two case-control studies examined suicide attempts and found an association between physical activity and a reduced frequency of such attempts. However, in studies examining suicidal ideation (k=3) or suicide deaths (k=2), no consistent associations with physical activity were observed. Overall, our systematic review found that physical activity may be linked to a lower frequency of suicide attempts in non-prospective studies involving individuals with mental disorders.
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| 7. |
- Garcia-Argibay, Miguel, 1988-, et al.
(författare)
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Cardiovascular risk factors in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder : A family design study of Swedish conscripts
- 2022
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Ingår i: International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 1049-8931 .- 1557-0657. ; 31:4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: (1) investigate the associations of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) with systolic and diastolic blood pressure, resting heart rate, pulse pressure (PP), physical fitness, and BMI; (2) explore whether cardiovascular risk factors and ADHD share genetic and environmental influences; (3) assess if pharmacological treatment for ADHD influences these associations.Methods: We identified 395,978 individuals born between 1973 and 1991 who had military conscription examinations at a mean age of 18.3 years (SD = 0.57) and their full-siblings within the same cohort (N = 208,060) by linking population-based registers in Sweden. Results Significantly increased risk of ADHD was observed in individuals with low systolic blood pressure (SBP) and PP, low physical fitness, and in those who had overweight or obesity after adjustments (adjusted Odds Ratio [OR] ranging from 1.10 to 1.45). Full siblings of individuals with low SBP, low physical fitness, and obesity were more likely to receive an ADHD diagnosis compared to full siblings without those risk factors (OR ranging from 1.17 to 1.31). Additionally, analyses showed robust associations between ADHD and low SBP, low physical fitness, and obesity, even in ADHD medication-naïve individuals.Conclusions: Individuals with several cardiovascular risk factors are more often diagnosed with ADHD, regardless of psychiatric comorbidity. These association are not explained by ADHD pharmacotherapy, rather, they are in part due to shared familial risk factors.
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| 8. |
- Hartman, Catharina A, et al.
(författare)
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Anxiety, mood, and substance use disorders in adult men and women with and without Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder : a substantive and methodological overview
- 2023
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Ingår i: Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews. - : Pergamon Press. - 0149-7634 .- 1873-7528. ; 151
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Knowledge on psychiatric comorbidity in adult ADHD is essential for prevention, detection, and treatment of these conditions. This review (1) focuses on large studies (n> 10,000; surveys, claims data, population registries) to identify (a) overall, (b) sex- and (c) age-specific patterns of comorbidity of anxiety disorders (ADs), major depressive disorder (MDD), bipolar disorder (BD) and substance use disorders (SUDs) in adults with ADHD relative to adults without ADHD; and (2) describes methodological challenges relating to establishing comorbidity in ADHD in adults as well as priorities for future research. Meta-analyses (ADHD: n=550,748; no ADHD n=14,546,814) yielded pooled odds ratios of 5.0(CI:3.29-7.46) for AD, 4.5(CI:2.44-8.34) for MDD, 8.7(CI:5.47-13.89) for BD and 4.6(CI:2.72-7.80) for SUDs, indicating strong differences in adults with compared to adults without ADHD. Moderation by sex was not found: high comorbidity held for both men and women with sex-specific patterns as in the general population: higher prevalences of ADs, MDD and BD in women and a higher prevalence of SUDs in men. Insufficient data on different phases of the adult lifespan prevented conclusions on developmental changes in comorbidity. We discuss methodological challenges, knowledge gaps, and future research priorities.
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| 9. |
- Kase, Bezawit E., et al.
(författare)
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Longitudinal Associations Between Symptoms of ADHD and BMI From Late Childhood to Early Adulthood
- 2021
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Ingår i: Pediatrics. - : American Academy of Pediatrics. - 0031-4005 .- 1098-4275. ; 147:6
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and obesity are 2 frequent conditions that co-occur, which has implications for the management of both conditions. We hypothesized that ADHD symptoms predict BMI and vice versa from late childhood (10-12 years) up to early adulthood (20-22 years).METHODS: Participants were adolescents in the Netherlands (n = 2773, 52.5% male, mean age = 11 years at baseline, 5 waves up to mean age 22) from the Tracking Adolescents' Individual Lives Survey cohort. We examined bidirectional relationship between ADHD symptoms (hyperactivity/impulsivity and inattention) and BMI using the random intercept cross-lagged panel model. Time-varying covariates were pubertal status, stimulant use, depressive symptoms, and family functioning, and socioeconomic status was a time-invariant covariate.RESULTS: We found a time-invariant association of BMI with hyperactivity and impulsivity, but not with inattention, which was slightly stronger in female adolescents (female: r = 0.102; male: r = 0.086, P < .05). No longitudinal direct effects were found between ADHD symptoms and BMI during this period.CONCLUSIONS: Over the course of adolescence, the link between ADHD and BMI is stable and is predominantly with hyperactive and impulsive symptoms rather than inattention. There was no direct effect of ADHD symptoms on BMI increase nor of BMI on enhanced ADHD symptoms during this developmental period. The findings point to a shared genetic or familial background and/or potential causal effects established already earlier in childhood, thus suggesting that intervention and prevention programs targeting overweight and obesity in children with ADHD should be implemented in early childhood.
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| 10. |
- Kittel-Schneider, Sarah, et al.
(författare)
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Non-mental diseases associated with ADHD across the lifespan : Fidgety Philipp and Pippi Longstocking at risk of multimorbidity?
- 2022
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Ingår i: Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews. - : Pergamon Press. - 0149-7634 .- 1873-7528. ; 132, s. 1157-1180
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Several non-mental diseases seem to be associated with an increased risk of ADHD and ADHD seems to be associated with increased risk for non-mental diseases. The underlying trajectories leading to such brain-body co-occurrences are often unclear - are there direct causal relationships from one disorder to the other, or does the sharing of genetic and/or environmental risk factors lead to their occurring together more frequently or both? Our goal with this narrative review was to provide a conceptual synthesis of the associations between ADHD and non-mental disease across the lifespan. We discuss potential shared pathologic mechanisms and genetic background and treatments in co-occurring diseases. For those co-occurrences for which published studies with sufficient sample sizes exist, meta-analyses have been published by others and we discuss those in detail. We conclude that non-mental diseases are common in ADHD and vice versa and add to the disease burden of the patient across the lifespan. Insufficient attention to such co-occurring conditions may result in missed diagnoses and suboptimal treatment in the affected individuals.
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