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- Clark, M. S., et al.
(författare)
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Deciphering mollusc shell production: the roles of genetic mechanisms through to ecology, aquaculture and biomimetics
- 2020
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Ingår i: Biological Reviews. - : Wiley. - 1464-7931 .- 1469-185X. ; 95:6, s. 1812-37
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Most molluscs possess shells, constructed from a vast array of microstructures and architectures. The fully formed shell is composed of calcite or aragonite. These CaCO(3)crystals form complex biocomposites with proteins, which although typically less than 5% of total shell mass, play significant roles in determining shell microstructure. Despite much research effort, large knowledge gaps remain in how molluscs construct and maintain their shells, and how they produce such a great diversity of forms. Here we synthesize results on how shell shape, microstructure, composition and organic content vary among, and within, species in response to numerous biotic and abiotic factors. At the local level, temperature, food supply and predation cues significantly affect shell morphology, whilst salinity has a much stronger influence across latitudes. Moreover, we emphasize how advances in genomic technologies [e.g. restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (RAD-Seq) and epigenetics] allow detailed examinations of whether morphological changes result from phenotypic plasticity or genetic adaptation, or a combination of these. RAD-Seq has already identified single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with temperature and aquaculture practices, whilst epigenetic processes have been shown significantly to modify shell construction to local conditions in, for example, Antarctica and New Zealand. We also synthesize results on the costs of shell construction and explore how these affect energetic trade-offs in animal metabolism. The cellular costs are still debated, with CaCO(3)precipitation estimates ranging from 1-2 J/mg to 17-55 J/mg depending on experimental and environmental conditions. However, organic components are more expensive (similar to 29 J/mg) and recent data indicate transmembrane calcium ion transporters can involve considerable costs. This review emphasizes the role that molecular analyses have played in demonstrating multiple evolutionary origins of biomineralization genes. Although these are characterized by lineage-specific proteins and unique combinations of co-opted genes, a small set of protein domains have been identified as a conserved biomineralization tool box. We further highlight the use of sequence data sets in providing candidate genes forin situlocalization and protein function studies. The former has elucidated gene expression modularity in mantle tissue, improving understanding of the diversity of shell morphology synthesis. RNA interference (RNAi) and clustered regularly interspersed short palindromic repeats - CRISPR-associated protein 9 (CRISPR-Cas9) experiments have provided proof of concept for use in the functional investigation of mollusc gene sequences, showing for example that Pif (aragonite-binding) protein plays a significant role in structured nacre crystal growth and that theLsdia1gene sets shell chirality inLymnaea stagnalis. Much research has focused on the impacts of ocean acidification on molluscs. Initial studies were predominantly pessimistic for future molluscan biodiversity. However, more sophisticated experiments incorporating selective breeding and multiple generations are identifying subtle effects and that variability within mollusc genomes has potential for adaption to future conditions. Furthermore, we highlight recent historical studies based on museum collections that demonstrate a greater resilience of molluscs to climate change compared with experimental data. The future of mollusc research lies not solely with ecological investigations into biodiversity, and this review synthesizes knowledge across disciplines to understand biomineralization. It spans research ranging from evolution and development, through predictions of biodiversity prospects and future-proofing of aquaculture to identifying new biomimetic opportunities and societal benefits from recycling shell products.
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- Gustafsson, Greta, et al.
(författare)
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Occurrence of epileptiform discharges and sleep during EEG recordings in children after melatonin intake versus sleep-deprivation
- 2015
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Ingår i: Clinical Neurophysiology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1388-2457 .- 1872-8952. ; 126:8, s. 1493-1497
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVE:To determine if melatonin is equally efficient as partial sleep deprivation in inducing sleep without interfering with epileptiform discharges in EEG recordings in children 1-16years old.METHODS:We retrospectively analysed 129 EEGs recorded after melatonin intake and 113 EEGs recorded after partial sleep deprivation. Comparisons were made concerning occurrence of epileptiform discharges, the number of children who fell asleep and the technical quality of EEG recordings. Comparison between different age groups was also made.RESULTS:No significant differences were found regarding occurrence of epileptiform discharges (33% after melatonin intake, 36% after sleep deprivation), or proportion of unsuccessful EEGs (8% and 10%, respectively). Melatonin and sleep deprivation were equally efficient in inducing sleep (70% in both groups). Significantly more children aged 1-4years obtained sleep after melatonin intake in comparison to sleep deprivation (82% vs. 58%, p⩽0.01), and in comparison to older children with melatonin induced sleep (58-67%, p⩽0.05). Sleep deprived children 9-12 years old had higher percentage of epileptiform discharges (62%, p⩽0.05) compared to younger sleep deprived children.CONCLUSION:Melatonin is equally efficient as partial sleep deprivation to induce sleep and does not affect the occurrence of epileptiform discharges in the EEG recording. Sleep deprivation could still be preferable in older children as melatonin probably has less sleep inducing effect.SIGNIFICANCE:Melatonin induced sleep have advantages, especially in younger children as they fall asleep easier than after sleep deprivation. The procedure is easier for the parents than keeping a young child awake for half the night.
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- Gustafsson, Gunnel, et al.
(författare)
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Områdesbeskrivningar av sju vårdverksamheter : Primärvårdens förutsättningar och befolkningens vårdbehov
- 2014
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Lärandeprojektet Vård på lika villkor har varit en överenskommelse mellan staten och Sveriges Kommuner och Landsting som pågått mellan 2011 och 2014. Målet med projektet har varit att utveckla arbetssätt och metoder som kan främja en mer jämlik första linjens vård. Inom ramen för projektet har SKL uppdragit åt forskare vid Mälardalens högskola att göra områdesbeskrivningar för de sju medverkande vårdverksamheterna.Syftet med områdesbeskrivningarna är försöka ge en jämförbar beskrivning av de medverkande sju verksamheterna i projektet. Beskrivningen är gjord utifrån relevant statistik och demografi ska data på patientnivå, samt utifrån organisatoriska förutsättningar och resurser. Förhoppningen är att dessa uppgifter kan ge ökad förståelse för vilka patienter som fi nns i området och fungera som ett stöd i arbetet för en mer jämlik vård.
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- Gran, Ulf, 1973, et al.
(författare)
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AdS backgrounds from black hole horizons
- 2013
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Ingår i: Classical and Quantum Gravity. - : IOP Publishing. - 0264-9381 .- 1361-6382. ; 30:5, s. Art. no. 055014-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We utilize the classification of IIB horizons with 5-form flux to present a unified description for the geometry of AdS(n), n = 3, 5, 7 solutions. In particular, we show that all such backgrounds can be constructed from eight-dimensional 2-strong Calabi-Yau geometries with torsion which admit some additional isometries. We explore the geometry of AdS(3) and AdS(5) solutions but we do not find AdS(7) solutions.
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- Harvey, Clarissa, 1988-, et al.
(författare)
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Mach-Zehnder Interferometer for In-Situ Non-Contact Temperature Monitoring During Thermal Processing of an Optical Fibre
- 2021
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Ingår i: Journal of Lightwave Technology. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). - 0733-8724 .- 1558-2213. ; 39:22, s. 7223-7230
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A Mach-Zehnder interferometer is formed in the transverse plane of an optical fibre. This is exploited to monitor the temperature of any given optical fibre in real time, without any predesigned temperature sensing elements engineered into the fibre and without a need to access the fibre ends. The interferometer is formed by the refraction at the air-glass interface and the subsequent internal reflections within the fibre. The temperature response of the fibre is then measured by quadrature phase shift detection of the interference pattern. For context, this is compared to finite element modelling and a previously studied Fabry-Perot interferometer configuration. The temperature of an optical fibre was measured from room temperature up to 1174 degrees C with an error of +/- 2.6% for the Mach-Zehnder type interferometer. The measurement techniques presented offer a useful tool for precise temperature measurement for applications such as fibre post-processing.
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