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- Hassler, Björn
(författare)
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Accidental Versus Operational Oil Spills from Shipping in the Baltic Sea : Risk Governance and Management Strategies
- 2011
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Ingår i: Ambio. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0044-7447 .- 1654-7209. ; 40:2, s. 170-178
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Marine governance of oil transportation is complex. Due to difficulties in effectively monitoring procedures on vessels en voyage, incentives to save costs by not following established regulations on issues such as cleaning of tanks, crew size, and safe navigation may be substantial. The issue of problem structure is placed in focus, that is, to what degree the specific characteristics and complexity of intentional versus accidental oil spill risks affect institutional responses. It is shown that whereas the risk of accidental oil spills primarily has been met by technical requirements on the vessels in combination with Port State control, attempts have been made to curb intentional pollution by for example increased surveillance and smart governance mechanisms such as the No-Special-Fee system. It is suggested that environmental safety could be improved by increased use of smart governance mechanisms tightly adapted to key actors’ incentives to alter behavior in preferable directions.
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- Hassler, Björn, 1964-, et al.
(författare)
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Environmental risk governance in the Baltic Sea - A comparison between five key areas : Deliverable number 8
- 2011
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This report focuses on challenges for adaptive, reflective and legitimate regional environmental governance related to environmental risks in the regional context of the Baltic Sea. The point of departure is the assumed challenges for establishing mutually fruitful regional collaboration among a diverse group of neighbouring countries. The Baltic Sea countries differ considerably in terms of socioeconomic development, institutional structures and procedures, power relations, policy styles, political cultures and history. How can regional governance arrangements cope with such differences and establish robust and sustainable modes of risk management? The report places its focus on regulatory frameworks for identified environmental risks as well as decision-making forms and processes. It builds on a discursive comparative case-study design where five key risks for the long-term ecological integrity of the Baltic Sea previously have been studied in detail: oil discharges from marine transportations, chemical pollution, over-fishing, eutrophication and invasive alien species. The analysis is based on case studies undertaken for the international research project ‘Risk governance of the Baltic Sea’ (RISKGOV). The analytical framework is primarily based on mappings of problem structures (i.e. bio-geophysical features affecting collaborative patterns), existing international conventions, regulatory institutions and to what extent civil society actors take part in governance arrangements. Although our primary focus is on the regional scale, the analysis takes into consideration the interplay (in terms of synergistic or conflicting effects) of such regional arrangements with national, EU, and international risk management. Our findings suggest that whereas comprehensive regulatory frameworks in most cases are in place, enforcement and implementation often lags behind. Moreover, regional institutional mechanisms for systematic reflection among relevant stakeholders on long term improvement of environmental safety within the individual issue-areas as well as between different sectors are largely lacking. This tends to lead to – via mecchanisms such as path dependency, sectoral management, too narrow coneptions of uncertainty, static rather than dynamic approaches, neglect of self-moitoring activities and inadequate appreciation of governance plurality – reactive rather than forward-looking policy responses, legitimacy deficits and sub-optimal social and institutional learning
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- Hassler, Björn
(författare)
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Global regimes, regional adaptation : environmental safety in Baltic Sea oil transportation
- 2010
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Ingår i: Maritime Policy & Management. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0308-8839 .- 1464-5254. ; 37:5, s. 489-503
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Despite significant efforts to improve environmental safety in marine oil transportation, the risk of a major accident with devastating oil spills has most likely increased. Building on the regime analytical approach where it is assumed that international collaboration may benefit participating countries, it is argued that bilateral and sub-regional initiatives may increase maritime safety significantly, compared to exclusive reliance on universal conventions. A distinction is made between on the one hand investments in safety-increasing infrastructure and local capacity building and on the other, vessel design, on-board installations and crew qualifications. It is suggested that bilateral and sub-regional initiatives are more likely to be taken on the former kind of objects, targeting issues, such as modernization of port facilities, monitoring support, assistance in emergency capacity building and designation of ports of refuge, because the interaction between the involved countries are comparably stable in the cases. Actual efforts to improve safety seem to follow the logic of separation between these two types of safety-increasing measures. It is concluded that similar drivers of bilateral and sub-regional initiatives targeting specific aspects of marine safety and contributing to overall collective benefits from improved environmental protection probably exist also in other regions than the Baltic Sea.
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- Hassler, Björn, 1964-, et al.
(författare)
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Problems and potential solutions to effective communication among stakeholders in the Baltic Sea shipping for reduced air pollution : Outcomes from a survey
- 2013
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Ingår i: Clean Shipping Currents. - : Baltic Institute of Finland. - 2242-9794. ; 2:5, s. -33
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This report presents the results of a web survey distributed to stakeholders in the Baltic Sea marine sector regarding environmental communication on air pollution from shipping. The survey was carried out in the spring and summer of 2012. Drawing on the literature on risk communication and environmental governance, the main focus was placed on so-called communication barriers, that is, possible hindrances to effective communication among stakeholders on how to reduce air pollution without threatening sector competitiveness. The results show that although there is a dense networking among stakeholders in this sector, there is a demand for improvements in communication in (a) exploratory phases among broad groups of stakeholders and (b) operational phases among selected groups of e.g. business and research teams. To facilitate the emergence of such improved communication, regional organizations such as HELCOM and EU could play important roles. Furthermore, it is shown that there is a perceived need among many stakeholders to step up the involvement of certain stakeholders, for example fuel companies, in collaboration on how to reduce pollution from shipping in cost-efficient ways. Finally, the results show that although continuous improvements of international regulation is a vital part of the governance of the marine sector, compliance will suffer if operators’ incentives are too strong in favor of not contributing to reduced pollution levels. Therefore, there is a strong need for innovative thinking on how to design such incentive schemes, not the least in relation to the continued implementation of Baltic Sea SECA and NECA as well as of the Baltic Sea Action Plan.
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