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- Klionsky, Daniel J., et al.
(författare)
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Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy
- 2012
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Ingår i: Autophagy. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1554-8635 .- 1554-8627. ; 8:4, s. 445-544
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field.
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| 3. |
- Akkoyun, S., et al.
(författare)
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AGATA - Advanced GAmma Tracking Array
- 2012
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Ingår i: Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment. - : Elsevier BV. - 0168-9002 .- 0167-5087 .- 1872-9576. ; 668, s. 26-58
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Advanced GAmma Tracking Array (AGATA) is a European project to develop and operate the next generation γ-ray spectrometer. AGATA is based on the technique of γ-ray energy tracking in electrically segmented high-purity germanium crystals. This technique requires the accurate determination of the energy, time and position of every interaction as a γ ray deposits its energy within the detector volume. Reconstruction of the full interaction path results in a detector with very high efficiency and excellent spectral response. The realisation of γ-ray tracking and AGATA is a result of many technical advances. These include the development of encapsulated highly segmented germanium detectors assembled in a triple cluster detector cryostat, an electronics system with fast digital sampling and a data acquisition system to process the data at a high rate. The full characterisation of the crystals was measured and compared with detector- response simulations. This enabled pulse-shape analysis algorithms, to extract energy, time and position, to be employed. In addition, tracking algorithms for event reconstruction were developed. The first phase of AGATA is now complete and operational in its first physics campaign. In the future AGATA will be moved between laboratories in Europe and operated in a series of campaigns to take advantage of the different beams and facilities available to maximise its science output. The paper reviews all the achievements made in the AGATA project including all the necessary infrastructure to operate and support the spectrometer. © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 6. |
- Danielsson, Fredrik, et al.
(författare)
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Integration of humans into a multi-agent system
- 2013
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Ingår i: ESM'2013 The 2013 European Simulation and Modelling Conference. - Ostend, Belgien : EUROSIS-ETI Publication. - 9789077381793 ; , s. 257-259
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this paper is to describe on-going work in the integration of humans in automated manufacturing systems. The intention is to achieve a flexible manufacturing system to meet the rapid developing and changing of today’s industry. The approach is based on a control concept with multi-agents. Humans, which are considered as a valuable factor in industrial production, are proposed as flexible agent resources for the automated manufacturing system.A test case was performed on a manufacturing system where three different groups of humans where integrated in the system; inspection, carrier and recovery. The P-SOP agent generator was used to automatically generate IEC 61131-3 PLC control code for the system.
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| 7. |
- He, Ruisi, et al.
(författare)
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Vehicle-to-vehicle channel models with large vehicle obstructions
- 2014
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Ingår i: [Host publication title missing]. ; , s. 5647-5652
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) communication is an en-abler for improved traffic safety and congestion control. As for any wireless system the ultimate performance limit is determined by the propagation channel. A particular point of interest is the shadowing effect of large vehicles such as trucks and buses, as this might affect the communication range significantly. In this paper we present measurement results and model the propagation channel in which a bus acts as a shadowing object between two passenger cars. The measurement setup is based on a WARP FPGA software radio as transmitter, and a Tektronix RSA5106A real-time complex spectrum analyzer as receiver. We analyze the influence of the bus location and car separation distance on the large-scale path loss, shadowing, and small-scale fading. The main effect of the bus is that it is acting as an obstruction creating an additional 15-20 dB attenuation. A Nakagami distribution is found to describe the statistics of the small-scale fading, by using Akaike's Information Criterion and the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The distance-dependency of the path loss is analyzed, and a stochastic model is developed to reflect the impact.
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| 8. |
- He, Ruisi, et al.
(författare)
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Vehicle-to-Vehicle Propagation Models With Large Vehicle Obstructions
- 2014
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Ingår i: IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems. - 1524-9050. ; 15:5, s. 2237-2248
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication is an enabler for improved traffic safety and congestion control. As for any wireless system, the ultimate performance limit is determined by the propagation channel. A particular point of interest is the shadowing effect of large vehicles such as trucks and buses, as this might affect the communication range significantly. In this paper we present measurement results and model the propagation channel, in which a bus acts either as a shadowing object or as a relay between two passenger cars. The measurement setup is based on a Wireless Open-Access Research Platform (WARP) Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) software radio as transmitter and a Tektronix RSA5106A real-time complex spectrum analyzer as receiver. We analyze the influence of the bus location and car separation distance on the path loss, shadowing, small-scale fading, delay spread, and cross correlation. The main effect of the bus is that it is acting as an obstruction creating an additional 15- to 20-dB attenuation and an increase in the root-mean-square delay spread by roughly 100 ns. A Nakagami distribution is found to well describe the statistics of the small-scale fading, by using Akaike's Information Criterion and the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The distance dependence of the path loss is analyzed and a stochastic model is developed.
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| 9. |
- He, Yong, et al.
(författare)
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In-situ Measurement of Sodium and Potassium Release during Oxy-Fuel Combustion of Lignite using Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy: Effects of O-2 and CO2 Concentration
- 2013
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Ingår i: Energy & Fuels. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0887-0624 .- 1520-5029. ; 27:2, s. 1123-1130
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) was used in this study to measure quantitatively the sodium (Na) and potassium (K) release from burning coal particles under oxy-fuel combustion environments. A specially designed laminar premixed burner was employed to provide a postflame environment with different O-2 and CO2 concentrations, in which the effects of O-2 and CO2 on the release of Na and K during coal oxy-fuel combustion were studied systematically. For the devolatilization stage, neither O-2 nor CO2 had significant influence on the Na and K release. The release of Na and K during the char stage, however, changed significantly at different O-2 and CO2 concentrations. Under these experimental conditions, when the O-2 concentration increased from 3.9% to 10.6%, the peak concentration of Na at the char stage increased from 15.2 mg/m(3) to 33.7 mg/m(3), and the maximum concentration of K increased from 6.2 mg/m(3) to 11.7 mg/m(3). When the CO2 concentration increased from 35.8% to 69.4%, the release of Na and K was inhibited during the char stage, with the peak concentration decreasing from 8.9 mg/m(3) to 6.9 mg/m(3) for Na and from 3.7 mg/m(3) to 2.4 mg/m(3) for K. During the ash stage, the release of Na and K decreased with the O-2 concentration, whereas it increased with the CO2 concentration.
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| 10. |
- He, Youjun, et al.
(författare)
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Poly(4,8-bis(2-ethylhexyloxy)benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b ]dithiophene vinylene): Synthesis, Optical and Photovoltaic Properties
- 2010
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Ingår i: JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE PART A-POLYMER CHEMISTRY. - : John Wiley and Sons, Ltd. - 0887-624X .- 1099-0518. ; 48:8, s. 1822-1829
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A new benzodithiophene (BDT)-based polymer, poly(4,8-bis(2-ethylhexyloxy)benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b]dithiophene vinylene) (PBDTV), was synthesized by Pd-catalyzed Stille-coupling method. The polymer is soluble in common organic solvents and possesses high thermal stability. PBDTV film shows a broad absorption band covering from 350 nm to 618 nm, strong photoluminescence peaked at 545 nm and high hole mobility of 4.84 x 10(-3) cm(2)/Vs. Photovoltaic properties of PBDTV were studied by fabricating the polymer solar cells based on PBDTV as donor and PC70BM as acceptor. With the weight ratio of PBDTV: PC70BM of 1:4 and the active layer thickness of 65 nm, the power conversion efficiency of the device reached 2.63% with V-oc = 0.71 V, I-sc = 6.46 mA/cm(2), and FF = 0.57 under the illumination of AM1.5, 100 mW/cm(2).
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