| 1. |
- Hedblom, Marcus, et al.
(författare)
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Metoder och möjligheter att använda NILS data i tillämpad integrerad landskapsplanering: Renbruksplaner, UAV låghöjdsflygfotografier och dialog Methods and possibilities to apply NILS data for applied integrated landscape planning: Reindeer Husbandry Plans, UAV low altitude aerial photos and dialogue
- 2014
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Summary There is a need for more integrated landscape planning due to rapid changes in landscape use through increased rationalization of land use (e.g. forestry), climate change and lack of planning in the landscape outside the cities. In this project, we have anticipated the reindeer herding Sami people and their interest to follow the prerequisites of land use and habitat changes over time. The project can partially be mentioned as a process consisting of a dialogue between reindeer herders, the Swedish Forest Agency, Vilhelmina Model Forest and the National Monitoring Programme NILS. The European project Baltic Landscape frames the project. The aim of Baltic Landscape is to demonstrate concrete examples of how conflicts related to land use claims can be solved. In this project, we worked specifically with the Model Forest concept that is based on a bottom-up perspective of working with issues related to landscapes and covering e.g. sector driven industry such as forestry, tourism, environmental values and governmental organizations. During the project all parts met and had theoretical sessions, field exercises and subsequent discussions that overall was about how best to monitor different habitats that are of large importance for the forage of reindeers (grazing types). More technical approaches such as Unmanned airplanes (so called UAV:s) were tested. Reindeer movements across the landscape range from the Alpine regions in the west to the coniferous forests on the east coast. The study includes the alpine landscape, mountain birch forest and marshlands in Vilhelmina Model Forest. The purpose: for reindeer herders was to find a method to conduct inventory on grazing types (reindeer habitats) that was rational to work with, i.e., not too time consuming (so that the inventory could be combined with the everyday work) and not too simple (so that it does not work as it is supposed to, as a support for discussion with other land users). for NILS was to initiate a dialogue with users and their needs of environmental monitoring data. More concretely, it was about to find out if there is data that can be of importance for reindeer herders which is not presently collected in the current field monitoring. Moreover to see if reindeer herders have the opportunity to collect data in a way so that it is possible to supplement existing NILS data. Finally to see if was possible to use unmanned aircraft, known as UAVs, to do inventory grazing types and especially hanging lichens (important as food supplement for reindeer). Moreover, interviews with stakeholders (N= 12) and reindeer herders (N= 1) , were made in order to deepen the knowledge of potential needs of NILS monitoring data for landuse and landscape planning by stakeholders in Vilhelmina Model Forest. for Vilhelmina Model Forest and the Swedish Forest Agency was to initiate dialogue between the parties and act as a coordinator and resource for increased dialogue. The results of the project (and process) revealed: that the importance of the possibility to conduct a dialogue. The dialogue led to the emergence of synergies that all parts could use. In this case the common denominator was to establish a specific area in the alpine region for field visits. The purpose was to use the area to promote and initiate dialogues about the landscape and in the longer perspective enable monitoring and increase knowledge about suitable usage of the landscape. NILS called such a surface Flagship areas, Vilhelmina Model forest call those areas Demo areas or geological parks (geopark). that it was possible to develop a rational functioning method of reindeer grazing types (linked to the Reindeer Husbandry Plans) based on field exercises and discussions conducted in this project 2012 -2014. During 2014 NILS personnel educate reindeer herders using the method developed within this project. that the methodology of inventory used by the NILS programme, both in field and by aerial photographs, is partly compatible with the existing reindeer grazing types. And also that NILS can benefit from dialogue with stakeholders and gain knowledge of which classification schemes can be converted into or what can be added to their inventory. that there is a wish to continue further dialogue between the partners. that interviews with stakeholder revealed the need of usefulness and costs for NILS data, that no no single variable was excluded as not interesting at all for any of the stakeholders (87 out of 356 NILS variables were asked for in the interview) and that stakeholders made suggestions of new variables that could complement the current NILS variable list.
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| 2. |
- Hedblom, Marcus, et al.
(författare)
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Städernas flora och fauna : övervakning av grön mångfald i centrum
- 2012
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Ingår i: Fauna och flora. - 0014-8903. ; 107, s. 30-37
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Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- År 1950 levde en tredjedel av världens befolkning i städer, sedan fem år tillbaka bor hälften i städer och allt tyder på att år 2030 bor två tredjedelar av alla människor i städer. År 2050 skulle det innebära 6,5 miljarder stadsbor. Fram till år 2030 kommer det att byggas mer sammanhängande stadsbebyggelse än vad det finns totalt idag. Det innebär enorma infrastrukturomställningar och stora arealer av mark kommer att tas i anspråk. Den mark som bebyggs är ofta mycket dåligt inventerad på djur och natur trots att forskning visar på höga värden i och omkring tätorter. Behovet av en kunskapsbas är stort.
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| 3. |
- Aronson, M.F.J., et al.
(författare)
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A global analysis of the impacts of urbanization on bird and plant diversity reveals key anthropogenic drivers
- 2014
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Biological Sciences. - : The Royal Society. - 0962-8452 .- 1471-2954. ; 281:1780, s. 20133330-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Urbanization contributes to the loss of the world's biodiversity and the homogenization of its biota. However, comparative studies of urban biodiversity leading to robust generalities of the status and drivers of biodiversity in cities at the global scale are lacking. Here, we compiled the largest global dataset to date of two diverse taxa in cities: birds (54 cities) and plants (110 cities). We found that the majority of urban bird and plant species are native in the world's cities. Few plants and birds are cosmopolitan, the most common being Columba livia and Poa annua. The density of bird and plant species (the number of species per km2) has declined substantially: only 8% of native bird and 25% of native plant species are currently present compared with estimates of non-urban density of species. The current density of species in cities and the loss in density of species was best explained by anthropogenic features (landcover, city age) rather than by non-anthropogenic factors (geography, climate, topography). As urbanization continues to expand, efforts directed towards the conservation of intact vegetation within urban landscapes could support higher concentrations of both bird and plant species. Despite declines in the density of species, cities still retain endemic native species, thus providing opportunities for regional and global biodiversity conservation, restoration and education.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Gao, Tian, et al.
(författare)
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The role of forest stand structure as biodiversity indicator
- 2014
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Ingår i: Forest Ecology and Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0378-1127 .- 1872-7042. ; 330, s. 82-93
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Biodiversity conservation is a key objective for sustainable forest management, but the multi-dimensional and multi-scale character of biodiversity renders full assessment difficult at large scale. Therefore, indicators are often used to monitor biodiversity. Important cost-benefit synergies can be achieved if indicators are derived from existing data. In this study, a model for classifying forest stand structures was developed and tested as an indicator of overall plant species diversity at stand level. The model combines four stand structure parameters: canopy coverage, age of canopy trees, tree species composition and canopy stratification. Using data from the National Inventory of Landscapes in Sweden and General Linear Mixed Model, plant species diversity (Shannon diversity index, SHDI) and composition (Sorensen-Dice index, SDI) were tested between 26 different stand structure types and nine soil classes. The results showed that mature stands with a stratified canopy had the highest plant species diversity across the soil classes, particularly if they comprised mixed coniferous and broadleaved species with a semi-open canopy. In contrast, young (<30 years) single-layered stands had consistently low species diversity. Of the four stand structure parameters in the model, age of canopy trees was most influential for SHDI value, followed by canopy stratification, tree species composition and canopy coverage. According to the SDI values, different stand structure types represented different species composition regardless of soil class and species diversity (SHDI value). However, most SDI values were higher than 0.5, indicating that fewer than 50% of the species changed between stand structure types. The stand parameters included in the model can probably be extracted from national forest inventories in many countries and understood without specialist taxonomic knowledge, making the model applicable in practice to support forest management decision-making on enhancing forest biodiversity at stand level. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 6. |
- Hedblom, Marcus, et al.
(författare)
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Bird song diversity influences young people's appreciation of urban landscapes
- 2014
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Ingår i: Urban Forestry & Urban Greening. - : Elsevier BV. - 1618-8667. ; 13:3, s. 469-474
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Increased losses of green areas in cities reduce people's experience of flora and fauna. Earlier studies have shown that biodiversity has benefits for urban inhabitants but the influence of animal sounds on people's experience of green space is poorly known. A sample of young urban people (N = 227) rated their reactions - positive or negative - to three bird song combinations: House Sparrow (Passer domesticus), Willow Warbler (Phylloscopus trochilus), 7 spp. i.e. Willow Warbler, Chaffinch (Fringilla coelebs), Blue Tit (Cyanistes caeruleus), Great Tit (Parus major), European Robin (Erithacus rubecula), Common Blackbird (Turdus merula), Great Spotted Woodpecker (Dendrocopos major), three urban settings (residential areas with varying amount of greenery) and nine combinations of song and setting. Bird song was generally considered positive and singing by several species was more highly rated than singing by a single species. On average, urban settings combined with bird song were more highly appreciated than the settings alone and even more so where there was singing by several species rather than just one. We conclude that our data support the idea that bird song contributes to positive values associated with urban green space. Urban planners should consider preserving a variety of habitats in cities for hosting a diversity of birds and thereby boost conservation of songbird diversity and recreational experiences for urban people. (C) 2014 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.
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| 7. |
- Hedblom, Marcus, et al.
(författare)
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Characterizing biodiversity in urban areas using remote sensing
- 2011
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Ingår i: Urban Remote Sensing. - Chichester : John Wiley & Sons. - 9780470749586 ; , s. 287-304
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Fauna and flora, and their diversity in cities have long been a neglected research area; instead, more natural environments or environments used for human production, such as forests or rural areas, have been prioritized. However, there has been a recent major increase in studies of urban green areas and their importance for species richness. The urbanization process has led to fragmentation of habitats, which has become one of the greatest threats to biodiversity worldwide. Remote sensing is a cost-efficient data source covering large areas, capturing information in a systematic manner and can provide data for spatiotemporal studies in urban environments. However, few studies have examined biodiversity in urban ecosystems using satellite images. Here, we reviewremote sensing techniques for the study of biodiversity in urban areas, different approaches for characterizing biodiversity with remote sensing and the effects of urbanization on biodiversity; we also discuss applications of remote sensing in planning and management, and past and future avenues for research.We conclude that urban biodiversity studies are still far from exploiting the full potential of advances in data capture, data interpretation and classification methods in combination with field studies for deriving ecologically meaningful information.
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| 8. |
- Hedblom, Marcus, et al.
(författare)
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Effects of urban matrix on reproductive performance of Great Tit (Parus major) in urban woodlands
- 2012
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Ingår i: Urban Ecosystems. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1083-8155 .- 1573-1642. ; 15, s. 167-180
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Abstract In urban areas the density of breeding tits (Paridae) is generally higher and reproductive performance lower compared to rural areas. To explain these landscape differences several hypotheses have been proposed, e.g. differences in habitat quality, interand intra-specific competition, predation and food abundance. How breeding performance of birds within remnants of natural vegetation in urban areas is affected by adjacent matrix has been less studied. We performed an experimental study in four urban woodlands surrounded by three types of habitat matrix: residential, high-rise building and grassland/ golf course. We placed 300 nest boxes for tits (great tit Parus major and blue tit Cyanistes caeruleus) in 15 transects that were 200 m long, extending from the adjacent matrix 150 m into urban woodland. Density of breeding great tit pairs was highest in residential areas and hatch date was earlier in the residential habitat compared to the other two habitats, however, nestling condition was lower in residential areas. Hatching date was earlier but hatching spread (heaviest nestling/lightest nestling) higher in the three types of urban matrix than inside the urban woodlands. In contrast to previous large-scale comparisons of urban and rural matrix, we almost exclusively found differences in qualitative measures (nestling condition and hatchling spread) at the small scale in which this study was conducted. Adjacent matrix affect great tits breeding in remnant urban woodlands, thus we suggest that management of the surrounding matrix should be included in conservation plans for urban woodlands
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| 10. |
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