| 1. |
- Cousins, Melanie, et al.
(författare)
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Is scientific evidence enough? Using expert opinion to fill gaps in data in antimicrobial resistance research
- 2023
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Ingår i: PLOS ONE. - 1932-6203. ; 18:8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BackgroundAntimicrobial Resistance (AMR) is a global problem with large health and economic consequences. Current gaps in quantitative data are a major limitation for creating models intended to simulate the drivers of AMR. As an intermediate step, expert knowledge and opinion could be utilized to fill gaps in knowledge for areas of the system where quantitative data does not yet exist or are hard to quantify. Therefore, the objective of this study was to identify quantifiable data about the current state of the factors that drive AMR and the strengths and directions of relationships between the factors from statements made by a group of experts from the One Health system that drives AMR development and transmission in a European context.MethodsThis study builds upon previous work that developed a causal loop diagram of AMR using input from two workshops conducted in 2019 in Sweden with experts within the European food system context. A secondary analysis of the workshop transcripts was conducted to identify semi-quantitative data to parameterize drivers in a model of AMR.Main findingsParticipants spoke about AMR by combining their personal experiences with professional expertise within their fields. The analysis of participants’ statements provided semi-quantitative data that can help inform a future of AMR emergence and transmission based on a causal loop diagram of AMR in a Swedish One Health system context.ConclusionUsing transcripts of a workshop including participants with diverse expertise across the system that drives AMR, we gained invaluable insight into the past, current, and potential future states of the major drivers of AMR, particularly where quantitative data are lacking.
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| 2. |
- Graells, Tiscar, et al.
(författare)
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Exploring the factors that contribute to the successful implementation of antimicrobial resistance interventions : a comparison of high-income and low-middle-income countries
- 2023
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Ingår i: Frontiers In Public Health. - 2296-2565. ; 11
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- IntroductionAntimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a challenge to modern medicine. Interventions have been applied worldwide to tackle AMR, but these actions are often not reported to peers or published, leading to important knowledge gaps about what actions are being taken. Understanding factors that influence the implementation of AMR interventions and what factors are relevant in low-middle-income countries (LMICs) and high-income countries (HICs) were the key objectives of this exploratory study, with the aim to identifying which priorities these contexts need.MethodsA questionnaire was used to explore context, characteristics, and success factors or obstacles to intervention success based on participant input. The context was analyzed using the AMR-Intervene framework, and success factors and obstacles to intervention success were identified using thematic analysis.ResultsOf the 77 interventions, 57 were implemented in HICs and 17 in LMICs. Interventions took place in the animal sector, followed by the human sector. Public organizations were mainly responsible for implementation and funding. Nine themes and 32 sub-themes emerged as important for intervention success. The themes most frequently reported were 'behavior', 'capacity and resources', 'planning', and 'information'. Five sub-themes were key in all contexts ('collaboration and coordination', 'implementation', 'assessment', 'governance', and 'awareness'), two were key in LMICs ('funding and finances' and 'surveillance, antimicrobial susceptibility testing and preventive screening'), and five were key in HICs ('mandatory', 'multiple profiles', 'personnel', 'management', and 'design').ConclusionLMIC sub-themes showed that funding and surveillance were still key issues for interventions, while important HIC sub-themes were more specific and detailed, including mandatory enforcement, multiple profiles, and personnel needed for good management and good design. While behavior is often underrated when implementing AMR interventions, capacity and resources are usually considered, and LMICs can benefit from sub-themes captured in HICs if tailored to their contexts. The factors identified can improve the design, planning, implementation, and evaluation of interventions.
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| 3. |
- Troell, Max, 1962-, et al.
(författare)
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Farming the Ocean – Seaweeds as a Quick Fix for the Climate?
- 2023
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Ingår i: Reviews in Fisheries Science and Aquaculture. - : Informa UK Limited. - 2330-8249 .- 2330-8257. ; 31:3, s. 285-295
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Finding ways to keep global warming under 1.5 degrees Celsius is urgent and will need a portfolio of solutions. Seaweeds are marine photosynthetic organisms that humans harvest either from the wild or farm, to be used in many applications and providing various ecosystem services. Large scale farming of seaweeds for absorbing carbon has lately been promoted as a climate “fix”. The major shortcomings of this argument relate to the idea that a carbon sink function should exist through carbon accumulation in seaweed biomass simultaneously as seaweeds are consumed as food by humans, fed to animals, or used in many alternative applications. This carbon instead enters the fast carbon cycle and does not provide any “carbon sink” function. Radical suggestions of intentionally transfer of farmed seaweeds to the deep-sea to accomplish a longer removal are highly questionable from feasibility, economic, ecosystem effects and ethical resource use perspectives. Development of “ocean forests” for carbon capturing through farming should not be compared to forests on land as these provide carbon removal from the atmosphere at sufficiently long time scales to be qualified as carbon sequestration - thus making a difference related to reducing atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations. Seaweeds can, however, play a role in reducing greenhouse gas emissions from the overall food system through carbon offset - i.e. if replacing food, feed, and/or materials that have larger carbon footprints. The fate/cycling of carbon as particulate and dissolved matter from both farmed and wild seaweeds, are however not fully understood, especially with respect to pathways and time scales relevant for carbon removal/storage. Another potential pathway for their role in decarbonization may be through reducing enteric methane emissions from ruminants and also through bioenergy production. More research is, however, needed for understanding the contributions from such interventions. Presenting seaweed farming as a quick fix for the climate risks facilitating misdirected investments (for carbon abatement solutions) and reducing demand for specific research and technological development that will be needed for increasing our understanding about seaweeds’ contribution to food/feed systems and additional sustainability services and benefits.
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| 4. |
- Wernli, Didier, et al.
(författare)
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Scope and applicability of social-ecological resilience to antimicrobial resistance
- 2023
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Ingår i: The Lancet Planetary Health. - 2542-5196. ; 7:7, s. e630-E637
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Social-ecological systems conceptualise how social human systems and ecological natural systems are intertwined. In this Personal View, we define the scope and applicability of social-ecological resilience to antimicrobial resistance. Resilience to antimicrobial resistance corresponds to the capacity to maintain the societal benefits of antimicrobial use and One Health systems' performance in the face of the evolutionary behaviour of microorganisms in response to antimicrobial use. Social-ecological resilience provides an appropriate framework to make sense of the disruptive impacts resulting from the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance; capture the diversity of strategies needed to tackle antimicrobial resistance and to live with it; understand the conditions that underpin the success or failure of interventions; and appreciate the need for adaptive and coevolutionary governance. Overall, resilience thinking is essential to improve understanding of how human societies dynamically can cope with, adapt, and transform to the growing global challenge of antimicrobial resistance.
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| 5. |
- Zaman, Uz Atik, et al.
(författare)
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Fuel use intensity of hilsa fisheries in the lower meghna river estuaty of Bangladesh
- 2023
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Ingår i: Fisheries Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0165-7836 .- 1872-6763. ; 263
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Among the species caught by small-scale fisheries in Bangladesh, hilsa (Tenualosa ilisha) is the most important by volume and of great cultural importance. Hilsa fishing boats have over the last decade been mechanized, enabling longer trips and larger hauls. This development has, however, also resulted in increased fishing pressure and increased reliance on fossil fuels. This study estimates the fuel use intensity (FUI) of hilsa fishing, calculated as fuel per unit landed mass of hilsa at one of the main landing stations (Chairman ghat) in the coastal area of Noakhali district, Bangladesh. Primary data were collected from three types of artisanal fishing boats commonly used in hilsa fisheries, namely small boats (Choto/Khosa tempo), medium boats (Tempo), and large boats. Our results show a higher fuel use intensity in small boats (750 +/- 468 l t-1), compared to medium (495 +/- 270 l t-1) and large boats (576 +/- 365 l t-1). Considering the gross catch and total fuel consumption of all boats, the absolute FUI is estimated at 463 l t-1. Thus, the FUI of hilsa fishing is slightly lower than the average for global fisheries FUI (489 l t-1). In terms of greenhouse gas (GHG), not including other lifecycle inputs (e.g. infrastructure, ice, supply chain etc.) than fuel (i.e. diesel, LPG, and wood), the average global warming impact is 1.72 +/- 0.34 tonnes CO2-eq. t-1 overall catch. This study provides a baseline estimate for FUI and GHG emissions from contemporary hilsa fishing, and proposes solutions for addressing environmental issues and improving the overall performance of the sector.
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