| 1. |
- Hernroth, Bodil, 1951-, et al.
(författare)
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Alteration of host-pathogen interactions in the wake of climate change : increasing risk for shellfish associated infections?
- 2018
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Ingår i: Environmental Research. - 0013-9351 .- 1096-0953. ; 161, s. 425-438
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The potential for climate-related spread of infectious diseases through marine systems has been highlighted in several reports. With this review we want to draw attention to less recognized mechanisms behind vector-borne transmission pathways to humans. We have focused on how the immune systems of edible marine shellfish, the blue mussels and Norway lobsters, are affected by climate related environmental stressors. Future ocean acidification (OA) and warming due to climate change constitute a gradually increasing persistent stress with negative trade-off for many organisms. In addition, the stress of recurrent hypoxia, inducing high levels of bioavailable manganese (Mn) is likely to increase in line with climate change. We summarized that OA, hypoxia and elevated levels of Mn did have an overall negative effect on immunity, in some cases also with synergistic effects. On the other hand, moderate increase in temperature seems to have a stimulating effect on antimicrobial activity and may in a future warming scenario counteract the negative effects. However, rising sea surface temperature and climate events causing high land run-off promote the abundance of naturally occurring pathogenic Vibrio and will in addition, bring enteric pathogens which are circulating in society into coastal waters. Moreover, the observed impairments of the immune defense enhance the persistence and occurrence of pathogens in shellfish. This may increase the risk for direct transmission of pathogens to consumers. It is thus essential that in the wake of climate change, sanitary control of coastal waters and seafood must recognize and adapt to the expected alteration of host-pathogen interactions.
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| 2. |
- Hernroth, Bodil, 1951, et al.
(författare)
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Bacteriostatic suppression in Norway lobster (Nephrops norvegicus) exposed to manganese or hypoxia under pressure of ocean acidification
- 2015
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Ingår i: Aquatic Toxicology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0166-445X .- 1879-1514. ; 159, s. 217-224
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Future ocean acidification (OA) and warming following climate change elicit pervasive stressors to the inhabitants of the sea. Previous experimental exposure to OA for 16 weeks at pH levels predicted for 2100 has shown to result in serious immune suppression of the Norway lobster, Nephrops norvegicus. The lobsters are currently affected by stressors such as periodical hypoxia inducing high levels of bioavailable manganese (Mn). Here, we aimed to investigate possible effects of interactions between OA and these stressors on total hemocyte counts (THCs) and on recovery of inoculated bacteria in the lobsters, measured as a proxy for bacteriostatic response. The effects were judged by following numbers of culturable Vibrio parahaemolyticus in hepatopancreas, 4 and 24 h post inoculation in lobsters kept in replicate tanks with six different treatments: either ambient (pCO2∼ 500 atm/pH ∼ 8.1 U) or CO2-manipulated seawater (OA;pCO2 ∼ 1550 atm/pH ∼ 7.6 U) for 8 weeks. During the last 2 weeks, additional stress of either hypoxia (∼23% oxygen saturation) or Mn (∼9 mg L−1) was added except in control treatments. Our results showed clear effect on bacteriostatic response in Norway lobsters exposed to these stressors. In lobsters kept in ambient seawater without additional stressors, the number of culturable bacteria in hepatopancreaswas reduced by ∼34%. In combined treatment of ambient seawater and hypoxia, the reduction was∼23%, while in the Mn-exposed animals, there was no reduction at all. This was also the case in all OA treatments where mean numbers of culturable V. parahaemolyticus tended to increase. In lobsters from ambient seawater with or without hypoxia, the THC was not significantly different as was also the case in OA without additional stressors. However, in OA treatments combined with either hypoxia or Mn, THC was reduced by ∼35%. While the reduction of culturable V. parahaemolyticus in lobsters was clearly affected by these stressors, we found no notable effects on growth, survival or hemolytic properties of the bacteria itself. Thus, we conclude that this predicted stress scenario is beneficial for the pathogen in its interaction with the host. As OA proceeds, it may force the health of the ecologically and economically important N. norvegicus to a tipping point if exposed to more short-term stressors such as the periodical events of hypoxia and Mn. This could impact lobster condition and biomass and may as well increase the risk for bacterial transmission to consumers.
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| 3. |
- Hernroth, Bodil, 1951-, et al.
(författare)
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Impact of ocean acidification on antimicrobial activity in gills of the blue mussel (Mytilus edulis)
- 2016
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Ingår i: Fish and Shellfish Immunology. - : Elsevier. - 1050-4648 .- 1095-9947. ; 55, s. 452-459
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Here, we aimed to investigate potential effects of ocean acidification on antimicrobial peptide (AMP) activity in the gills of Mytilus edulis, as gills are directly facing seawater and the changing pH (predicted to be reduced from ∼8.1 to ∼7.7 by 2100). The AMP activity of gill and haemocyte extracts was compared at pH 6.0, 7.7 and 8.1, with a radial diffusion assay against Escherichia coli. The activity of the gill extracts was not affected by pH, while it was significantly reduced with increasing pH in the haemocyte extracts. Gill extracts were also tested against different species of Vibrio (V. parahaemolyticus, V. tubiashii, V. splendidus, V. alginolyticus) at pH 7.7 and 8.1. The metabolic activity of the bacteria decreased by ∼65–90%, depending on species of bacteria, but was, as in the radial diffusion assay, not affected by pH. The results indicated that AMPs from gills are efficient in a broad pH-range. However, when mussels were pre-exposed for pH 7.7 for four month the gill extracts presented significantly lower inhibit of bacterial growth. A full in-depth proteome investigation of gill extracts, using LC-Orbitrap MS/MS technique, showed that among previously described AMPs from haemocytes of Mytilus, myticin A was found up-regulated in response to lipopolysaccharide, 3 h post injection. Sporadic occurrence of other immune related peptides/proteins also pointed to a rapid response (0.5–3 h p.i.). Altogether, our results indicate that the gills of blue mussels constitute an important first line defence adapted to act at the pH of seawater. The antimicrobial activity of the gills is however modulated when mussels are under the pressure of ocean acidification, which may give future advantages for invading pathogens.
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| 4. |
- Hernroth, Bodil, 1951, et al.
(författare)
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Impact of ocean acidification on antimicrobial activity in gills of the blue mussel (Mytilus edulis)
- 2016
-
Ingår i: Fish and Shellfish Immunology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1050-4648 .- 1095-9947. ; 55, s. 452-459
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Here, we aimed to investigate potential effects of ocean acidification on antimicrobial peptide (AMP) activity in the gills of Mytilus edulis, as gills are directly facing seawater and the changing pH (predicted to be reduced from ∼8.1 to ∼7.7 by 2100). The AMP activity of gill and haemocyte extracts was compared at pH 6.0, 7.7 and 8.1, with a radial diffusion assay against Escherichia coli. The activity of the gill extracts was not affected by pH, while it was significantly reduced with increasing pH in the haemocyte extracts. Gill extracts were also tested against different species of Vibrio (V. parahaemolyticus, V. tubiashii, V. splendidus, V. alginolyticus) at pH 7.7 and 8.1. The metabolic activity of the bacteria decreased by ∼65–90%, depending on species of bacteria, but was, as in the radial diffusion assay, not affected by pH. The results indicated that AMPs from gills are efficient in a broad pH-range. However, when mussels were pre-exposed for pH 7.7 for four month the gill extracts presented significantly lower inhibit of bacterial growth. A full in-depth proteome investigation of gill extracts, using LC-Orbitrap MS/MS technique, showed that among previously described AMPs from haemocytes of Mytilus, myticin A was found up-regulated in response to lipopolysaccharide, 3 h post injection. Sporadic occurrence of other immune related peptides/proteins also pointed to a rapid response (0.5–3 h p.i.). Altogether, our results indicate that the gills of blue mussels constitute an important first line defence adapted to act at the pH of seawater. The antimicrobial activity of the gills is however modulated when mussels are under the pressure of ocean acidification, which may give future advantages for invading pathogens.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Hernroth, Bodil, 1951-, et al.
(författare)
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Kan klimatförändringen öka smitta av infektionssjukdomar via havsvatten?
- 2018
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Ingår i: Man and Biosphere Health. - Kristianstad : Högskolan Kristianstad. - 9789187973352 ; , s. 22-33
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- De pågående klimatförändringarna gör haven allt varmare ochsurare. Dessutom förväntas perioder av intensiva regn att öka, v et bidrar till högre koncentrationer av näringsämnen i havsvattnet. Även sjukdomsframkallande bakterier och virus följer med vattnet från land ut i havet. Näringsämnena kommer att göda algblomningarna, vilket resulterar i fler syrefria bottnar. I bottensedimenten finns det naturligt rikligt med metallen mangan. Den frisätts till vattnet vid syrebrist och kan då tas upp av bottenlevande djur. I spåren av detta har vi genom experimentella långtidsstudier sett negativa effekter på immunförsvaret hos både kräfta, mussla och sjöstjärna. Förmågan att eliminera inkräktande bakterier och virus försämrades och djuren blev mer infektionsbenägna. Den tydligaste effekten såg vi då vi tillsatte mangan. Vi undersöker även hur viabilitet och virulens hos sjukdomsalstrande bakterier i havet påverkas och har bl.a. sett att havslevande bakterier av släktet Vibrio inte far illa av de förändrade faktorerna i havet, vilket indikerar att de kan få ett övertag på demarina organismerna, vars immunförsvar försvagats.
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| 7. |
- Hernroth, Bodil, 1951-, et al.
(författare)
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Sjukare skaldjur i framtidens hav
- 2018
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Ingår i: HavsUtsik. - Stockholm. ; 01
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Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Klimatförändringarna försämrar immunförsvaret hos kräftor, musslor och sjöstjärnor, och gör att de lättare får infektioner. De smittsamma bakterierna och virusen ser däremot inte ut att fara illa i den förändrade miljön. En dålig kombination för ekosystemet, och för oss konsumenter av marina skaldjur.
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| 8. |
- Holm, Ingvar, et al.
(författare)
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Miljö, medicin och undervisning, hur hänger det ihop? : exempel från projektet mangan och prostatacancer
- 2018
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Ingår i: Man and Biosphere Health. - Kristianstad : Högskolan Kristianstad. - 9789187973352 ; , s. 16-21
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Forskningsmiljön ”Man and Biosphere Health” är engruppering där forskare från helt olika biologiskakunskapsområden träffas och knyter kontakter. Forskning inom området ”Life Science” (Livsvetenskap), som framförallt innefattar biologi, medicin och biokemi, är världens största tvärdisciplinära forskningsområde med studier av biologisktliv samt de förutsättningar som utgör grunden för fortsatt liv. Unikt för samarbetet inom MABH är kombinationen avekologisk och biomedicinsk kompetens, vilket i vårt fall har inneburit att cellbiologisk forskning har knutits ihop med miljöforskning på ett nyskapande sätt.
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| 9. |
- Nilsson Sköld, Helen, 1970, et al.
(författare)
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Motoric impairment following manganese exposure in asteroide chinoderms
- 2015
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Ingår i: Aquatic Toxicology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0166-445X .- 1879-1514. ; 167, s. 31-37
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the oceans, naturally occurring manganese (Mn) is released from the sediments during events of hypoxia. While neuro- and immuno-toxic effects of bioavailable manganese are well documented for crustaceans, studies of similar effects of manganese on other marine invertebrates are comparatively few. Here, we developed a new functional test “the repeated turning assay” to investigate if manganese exposure at ∼12 mg L−1 affected motoric behaviour of two asteroid echinoderms, the Common sea star, Asterias rubens, and the Black brittle star, Ophiocomina nigra. By measuring of the turning-over capacity, from dorsal to ventral position, after one and two weeks of manganese exposure, we showed that for both species Mn exposure significantly delayed the ability to turn. After a recovery period of two weeks, the capacity of turning-over was not restored to that of unexposed animals neither for A. rubens nor for O. nigra. Further investigation of sea stars showed that Mn accumulated ∼5 fold in the tube feet, organs involved in their turning-over activity, and the high concentration remained after the recovery period. In the tube feet we also recorded an increased activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), here used as a proxy for neuromuscular disturbances. The results indicated that Mn induces neuromuscular disturbance in echinoderms which is important news, given that previous studies have concluded that adult echinoderms are relatively tolerant to Mn.
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| 10. |
- Perry, D, et al.
(författare)
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Global environmental changes negatively impact temperate seagrass ecosystems
- 2019
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Ingår i: Ecosphere. - : Wiley. - 2150-8925. ; 10:12, s. 1-18
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The oceans are increasingly affected by multiple aspects of global change, with substantial impacts on ecosystem functioning and food-web dynamics. While the effects of single factors have been extensively studied, it has become increasingly evident that there is a need to unravel the complexities related to a multiple stressor environment. In a mesocosm experimental study, we exposed a simplified, multi-trophic seagrass ecosystem (composed of seagrass, two shrimp species, and two intermediate predatory fish species) to three global change factors consisting of simulated storm events (Storms), heat shocks (Heat), and ocean acidification (OA), and the combination of all three factors (All). The most striking result indicated that when all factors were combined, there was a negative influence at all trophic levels, while the treatments with individual factors revealed species-specific response patterns. It appeared, however, that single factors may drive the multi-stressor response. All single factors (i.e., Storms, Heat, and OA) had either negative, neutral, or positive effects on fish and shrimp, whereas no effect was recorded for any single stressor on seagrass plants. The findings demonstrate that when several global change factors appear simultaneously, they can have deleterious impacts on seagrass ecosystems, and that the nature of factors and food-web composition may determine the sensitivity level of the system. In a global change scenario, this may have serious and applicable implications for the future of temperate seagrass ecosystems.
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