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- Abe, O, et al.
(författare)
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Effects of chemotherapy and hormonal therapy for early breast cancer on recurrence and 15-year survival: an overview of the randomised trials
- 2005
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Ingår i: The Lancet. - 1474-547X. ; 365:9472, s. 1687-1717
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background Quinquennial overviews (1985-2000) of the randomised trials in early breast cancer have assessed the 5-year and 10-year effects of various systemic adjuvant therapies on breast cancer recurrence and survival. Here, we report the 10-year and 15-year effects. Methods Collaborative meta-analyses were undertaken of 194 unconfounded randomised trials of adjuvant chemotherapy or hormonal therapy that began by 1995. Many trials involved CMF (cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, fluorouracil), anthracycline-based combinations such as FAC (fluorouracil, doxombicin, cyclophosphamide) or FEC (fluorouracil, epirubicin, cyclophosphamide), tamoxifen, or ovarian suppression: none involved taxanes, trastuzumab, raloxifene, or modem aromatase inhibitors. Findings Allocation to about 6 months of anthracycline-based polychemotherapy (eg, with FAC or FEC) reduces the annual breast cancer death rate by about 38% (SE 5) for women younger than 50 years of age when diagnosed and by about 20% (SE 4) for those of age 50-69 years when diagnosed, largely irrespective of the use of tamoxifen and of oestrogen receptor (ER) status, nodal status, or other tumour characteristics. Such regimens are significantly (2p=0 . 0001 for recurrence, 2p<0 . 00001 for breast cancer mortality) more effective than CMF chemotherapy. Few women of age 70 years or older entered these chemotherapy trials. For ER-positive disease only, allocation to about 5 years of adjuvant tamoxifen reduces the annual breast cancer death rate by 31% (SE 3), largely irrespective of the use of chemotherapy and of age (<50, 50-69, &GE; 70 years), progesterone receptor status, or other tumour characteristics. 5 years is significantly (2p<0 . 00001 for recurrence, 2p=0 . 01 for breast cancer mortality) more effective than just 1-2 years of tamoxifen. For ER-positive tumours, the annual breast cancer mortality rates are similar during years 0-4 and 5-14, as are the proportional reductions in them by 5 years of tamoxifen, so the cumulative reduction in mortality is more than twice as big at 15 years as at 5 years after diagnosis. These results combine six meta-analyses: anthracycline-based versus no chemotherapy (8000 women); CMF-based versus no chemotherapy (14 000); anthracycline-based versus CMF-based chemotherapy (14 000); about 5 years of tamoxifen versus none (15 000); about 1-2 years of tamoxifen versus none (33 000); and about 5 years versus 1-2 years of tamoxifen (18 000). Finally, allocation to ovarian ablation or suppression (8000 women) also significantly reduces breast cancer mortality, but appears to do so only in the absence of other systemic treatments. For middle-aged women with ER-positive disease (the commonest type of breast cancer), the breast cancer mortality rate throughout the next 15 years would be approximately halved by 6 months of anthracycline-based chemotherapy (with a combination such as FAC or FEC) followed by 5 years of adjuvant tamoxifen. For, if mortality reductions of 38% (age <50 years) and 20% (age 50-69 years) from such chemotherapy were followed by a further reduction of 31% from tamoxifen in the risks that remain, the final mortality reductions would be 57% and 45%, respectively (and, the trial results could well have been somewhat stronger if there had been full compliance with the allocated treatments). Overall survival would be comparably improved, since these treatments have relatively small effects on mortality from the aggregate of all other causes. Interpretation Some of the widely practicable adjuvant drug treatments that were being tested in the 1980s, which substantially reduced 5-year recurrence rates (but had somewhat less effect on 5-year mortality rates), also substantially reduce 15-year mortality rates. Further improvements in long-term survival could well be available from newer drugs, or better use of older drugs.
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- Hills, Gerald E., et al.
(författare)
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A value creation view of opportunity recognition processes
- 2005
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Ingår i: International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business. - Genéve, Switzerland : Inderscience Publishers. - 1476-1297 .- 1741-8054. ; 2:4, s. 404-417
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Opportunity recognition is an important part of value creation processes and vice-versa. A qualitative study, involving in-depth, semi-structured interviews of 59 firm-owners/founders in the U.S. and Sweden was conducted to better understand how entrepreneurs and SME owners engage in opportunity recognition and marketing practices. The findings revealed evidence of: planning to be opportunistic, a propensity to take action, opportunities perceived incrementally over years, instantaneous opportunity evaluation, first customer testing rather than formal market research, both Kirznerian alertness and Schumpeterian new combinations, job dissatisfaction and industry experience preceding opportunity recognition, support for the Bhave model, variations in the level of search, entrepreneurs taking “ownership” of ideas that were not originally theirs, use of supply and demand in recognizing opportunities and contingent opportunity recognition.
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| 6. |
- Hills, Gerald E., et al.
(författare)
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Entrepreneurial marketing and university education
- 2007
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Ingår i: Handbook of research in entrepreneurship education. - Cheltenham : Edward Elgar. - 9781845421069 ; , s. 219-229
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Throughout the last century, the content of marketing courses has been focused on understanding the practices and processes within large corporations; however, interest in the marketing practices of small- and medium-sized firms (SMEs) and by entrepreneurs has been increasing both in the U.S. and globally. It is now recognized that 99.7 percent of all U.S. employers are classified as small and 90 percent of these businesses employ fewer than 20 people. SMEs contribute 50 percent of private sector income and 54 percent of the private sector jobs in the U.S. and most of the net new job growth (U.S. SBA, 2004). While employment opportunities have shifted away from traditional large corporations to SMEs, marketing education has not reflected this change. In this chapter we adopt Venkataraman’s (1997: 123) perspective that entrepreneurship is the nexus of entrepreneurial “opportunity and enterprising individuals.” This definition of entrepreneurship is broad enough to include individual and organizational venturing, strategic renewal, and social entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurial marketing is explicitly linking Venkataraman’s (1997) nexus of entrepreneurial opportunities and individuals with the value creating, need satisfying mechanisms of marketing. While entrepreneurial marketing can be applied in any organizational context from a new venture to a large established corporation, we take the position in this chapter that high growth SMEs has unique resource constraints, marketing strategy – implementation issues which are the focus of the present study.
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| 8. |
- Hills, Gerald E., et al.
(författare)
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Some theoretical foundations of entrepreneurial marketing
- 2008
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Ingår i: Innovation, competitiveness, growth and tradition in SMEs. - St Gallen, Schweiz : KMU Verlag HSG. - 9783906541266
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Entrepreneurial Marketing is a scholarly concept that is beginning to blossom. The quantity and quality of related research and writing is increasing and theoretical as well as empirical works are ex-panding the frontiers of knowledge. It is our hope that this paper will stir creative thinking among the readers as we combine several important domains.
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- Hills, Gerald E., 1943-, et al.
(författare)
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The evolution and development of entrepreneurial marketing
- 2008
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Ingår i: Journal of small business management (Print). - Oxford : Blackwell. - 0047-2778 .- 1540-627X. ; 46:1, s. 99-112
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The purpose of this paper is to discuss the evolution of entrepreneurial marketing (EM). First an historical perspective of the evolution of EM is offered and some central incidents are identified. Further, empirical indications of small and medium-sized firm marketing behavior are reported and analyzed. Some distinctive differences between EMand administrative focused marketing are identified. This paper provides future scholars with a summary of how EM has evolved into a potential new school of marketing thought and offers several issues that should stimulate future research in EM.
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| 10. |
- Hultman, Claes M., 1947-, et al.
(författare)
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Marketing/Entrepreneurship interface : revisited and future directions
- 2007
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Ingår i: The entrepreneurship - innovation - marketing interface. - Künzelsau, Germany : Swiridoff Verlag. - 9783899291209 ; , s. 3-34
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Marketing and entrepreneurship have existed as two independent, scholarly domains until recent years. In the past decade, the growing quality of entrepreresearch has led to new contributions to marketing knowledge. And market opportunities and marketing may be the two most important elements underpinning successful business creation. This article places these developments into a broader environment and historical context, proposes research propositions to guide further research, based on a qualitative study, and suggests educational implications.
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