| 1. |
- Arbyn, Marc, et al.
(författare)
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Triage of women with equivocal or low-grade cervical cytology results: a meta-analysis of the HPV test positivity rate
- 2009
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Ingår i: Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine. - : Wiley. - 1582-1838 .- 1582-4934. ; 13:4, s. 648-659
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduction Methods Results Discussion Conclusion Consistent evidence underlines the utility of human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA testing in the management of women with equivocal cervical cytological abnormalities, but not in case of low-grade lesions. We performed a meta-analysis including studies where the high-risk probe of the Hybrid Capture-II is used to triage these two cytological categories. The triage test-positivity rate reflects the colposcopy referral workload.Data were pooled on the HPV test positivity rate in women with atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS/ASC-US) or low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL), derived from different cytological classification systems. The meta-analysis was restricted to studies, published between 1991 and 2007. A random-effect model was applied for meta-analytical pooling and the influence of covariates on the HPV positivity rate was analyzed by meta-regression. The variation by age was assessed within individual studies since age strata were not defined uniformly. On an average, 43% (95% CI: 40-46%) of women with ASCUS/ASC-US were high-risk HPV positive (range 23-74%). In women with LSIL, the pooled positivity rate was 76% (95% CI: 71-81%; range 55-89%). In spite of considerable inter-study heterogeneity, the difference in HPV positivity between the two triage groups was large and highly significant: 32% (95% CI: 27-38%). HPV rates dropped tremendously as age and cutoffs of test positivity increased. Other factors (cytological classification system, country, continent, collection method and year of publication) had no statistically significant impact, except in LSIL triage where HPV positivity was significantly lower in European compared to American studies. Women with LSIL, especially younger women, have high HPV positivity rates suggesting limited utility of reflex HPV triaging these cases. Research is needed to identify more specific methods to triage women with low-grade squamous cervical lesions.
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| 2. |
- Birney, Ewan, et al.
(författare)
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Identification and analysis of functional elements in 1% of the human genome by the ENCODE pilot project
- 2007
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Ingår i: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0028-0836 .- 1476-4687. ; 447:7146, s. 799-816
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We report the generation and analysis of functional data from multiple, diverse experiments performed on a targeted 1% of the human genome as part of the pilot phase of the ENCODE Project. These data have been further integrated and augmented by a number of evolutionary and computational analyses. Together, our results advance the collective knowledge about human genome function in several major areas. First, our studies provide convincing evidence that the genome is pervasively transcribed, such that the majority of its bases can be found in primary transcripts, including non-protein-coding transcripts, and those that extensively overlap one another. Second, systematic examination of transcriptional regulation has yielded new understanding about transcription start sites, including their relationship to specific regulatory sequences and features of chromatin accessibility and histone modification. Third, a more sophisticated view of chromatin structure has emerged, including its inter-relationship with DNA replication and transcriptional regulation. Finally, integration of these new sources of information, in particular with respect to mammalian evolution based on inter- and intra-species sequence comparisons, has yielded new mechanistic and evolutionary insights concerning the functional landscape of the human genome. Together, these studies are defining a path for pursuit of a more comprehensive characterization of human genome function.
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| 3. |
- Hirsch, Martin R., et al.
(författare)
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Design and implementation of heterogeneous distributed controllers according to the IEC 61499 standard : A case study
- 2007
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Ingår i: 2006 4th IEEE International Conference on Industrial Informatics. - Piscataway, NJ : IEEE Communications Society. - 0780397002 ; , s. 829-834
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper addresses solutions on integration and reuse of heterogeneous distributed controllers. In particular it shows the way to integrate the emerging IEC 61499 standard into the established IEC 61131 automation frameworks. It is illustrated on example of a modular manufacturing cell with distributed control units, how to realize distribution of heterogeneous controllers using the IEC 61499 standard and how to integrate these controllers into the plant formerly controlled by distributed PLCs. Therefore, methodologies and patterns for the design of distributed controllers and their implementation variants are introduced. In addition, the paper describes the details of a higher level communication protocol used to implement interaction between the modules. A framework for the simulation of IEC 61499 applications is also introduced
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| 4. |
- Hirsch, Martin R., et al.
(författare)
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IEC 61499 function blocks for distributed networked embedded applications
- 2007
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Ingår i: 2006 4th IEEE International Conference on Industrial Informatics. - Piscataway, NJ : IEEE Communications Society. ; , s. 670-675
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper presents a case study on the use of the IEC61499 reference component architecture in automotive electronics that is a traditional domain of embedded systems application. The proposed design approach allows for combination of distributed embedded control with off-line and on line simulation. The benefits of the approach are: the higher level of design leading to the increased level of component re-use, the flexibility and hardware independence, increased reliability on account of the use of predictive control and formal verification
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| 5. |
- Vyatkin, Valeriy, et al.
(författare)
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Systematic design and implementation of distributed controllers in industrial automation
- 2006
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Ingår i: 2006 IEEE Conference on Emerging Technologies & Factory Automation. - Piscataway, NJ : IEEE Communications Society. ; , s. 633-640
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper discusses systematic approaches to the design of distributed controllers in industrial automation systems. Several design approaches are compared that lead to the distributed control of manufacturing machines and their parts. In particular, a decentralized control method is introduced that does not require a master controller. The implementation frameworks of IEC 61131-3 and IEC 61499 are checked on their fitness to the distributed control. A migration method from a PLC-based control to IEC 61499 is illustrated. A layered architecture for distributed controllers is introduced and tested on examples.
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