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- Robinson, E. B., et al.
(författare)
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Examining and interpreting the female protective effect against autistic behavior
- 2013
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the United States of America. - : Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. - 0027-8424 .- 1091-6490. ; 110:13, s. 5258-5262
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Male preponderance in autistic behavioral impairment has been explained in terms of a hypothetical protective effect of female sex, yet little research has tested this hypothesis empirically. If females are protected, they should require greater etiologic load to manifest the same degree of impairment as males. The objective of this analysis was to examine whether greater familial etiologic load was associated with quantitative autistic impairments in females compared with males. Subjects included 3,842 dizygotic twin pairs from the Twins Early Development Study (TEDS) and 6,040 dizygotic twin pairs fromthe Child and AdolescentTwin Study of Sweden (CATSS). In both samples, we compared sibling autistic traits between female and male probands, who were identified as children scoring in the top 90th and 95th percentiles of the population autistic trait distributions. In both TEDS and CATSS, siblings of female probands above the 90th percentile had significantly more autistic impairments than the siblings of male probands above the 90th percentile. The siblings of female probands above the 90th percentile also had greater categorical recurrence risk in both TEDS and CATSS. Results were similar in probands above the 95th percentile. This finding, replicated across two nationally-representative samples, suggests that female sex protects girls from autistic impairments and that girls may require greater familial etiologic load to manifest the phenotype. It provides empirical support for the hypothesis of a female protective effect against autistic behavior and can be used to inform and interpret future gene finding efforts in autism spectrum disorders.
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| 5. |
- Kiwiel, Krzysztof C., et al.
(författare)
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Lagrangian relaxation via ballstep subgradient methods
- 2007
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Ingår i: Mathematics of Operations Research. - : Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences (INFORMS). - 0364-765X .- 1526-5471. ; 32:3, s. 669-686
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We exhibit useful properties of ballstep subgradient methods for convex optimization using level controls for estimating the optimal value. Augmented with simple averaging schemes, they asymptotically find objective and constraint subgradients involved in optimality conditions. When applied to Lagrangian relaxation of convex programs, they find both primal and dual solutions, and have practicable stopping criteria. Up until now, similar results have only been known for proximal bundle methods, and for subgradient methods with divergent series stepsizes, whose convergence can be slow. Encouraging numerical results are presented for large-scale nonlinear multicommodity network flow problems. ©2007 INFORMS.
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| 6. |
- De Koning, HJ, et al.
(författare)
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Monitoring the ERSPC trial
- 2003
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Ingår i: BJU international. - : Wiley. - 1464-4096 .- 1464-410X. ; 9292 Suppl 2, s. 112-114
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 7. |
- Dilgin, Yusuf, et al.
(författare)
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Electrocatalytic oxidation of NADH using a pencil graphite electrode modified with quercetin
- 2013
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Ingår i: Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-4367 .- 0927-7765. ; 102, s. 816-821
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the present study, the electrocatalytic oxidation of reduced beta nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) was investigated using a pencil graphite electrode modified with quercetin (PGE/QH(2)). The PGE/QH(2) was prepared through two steps: (i) the pre-treatment of PGE at 1.40V vs. Ag vertical bar AgCl vertical bar KCl(sat.) in pH 7.0 phosphate buffer containing 0.1 M KCl for 60 s and (ii) adsorption of QH(2) on the PGE via immersion of PGE into a 1.0 mM QH(2) solution (in ethanol) for 60 s. Cyclic voltammetric studies show that the peak potential of NADH oxidation shifts from +500 mV at bare PGE to +300 mV at PGE/QH(2). The electrocatalytic currents obtained from amperometric measurements at +300 mV vs. Ag vertical bar AgCl vertical bar KCl(sat.) and in phosphate buffer solution at pH 7.0 containing 0.1 M KCl were linearly related to the concentration of NADH. Linear calibration plots are obtained in the concentration range from 0.5 mu M to 100 mu M. The limit of detection was found to be 0.15 mu M. Crown Copyright (c) 2012 Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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