| 1. |
- House, J, et al.
(författare)
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Climate and air quality
- 2006
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Ingår i: Millennium Ecosystem Assessment 2005 - Current State and Trends. Findings of the Condition and Trends Working Group (Ecosystems and Human Well-being). ; 1, s. 350-390
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 2. |
- Jones, A Wayne, 1945-, et al.
(författare)
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The course of the blood-alcohol curve after consumption of large amounts of alcohol under realistic conditions
- 2006
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Ingår i: Journal of the Canadian Society of Forensic Science. - 0008-5030. ; 39:3, s. 125-140
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article presents a review and appreciation of an article by Zink and Reinhardt (Z & R) dealing with the time-course of blood-alcohol curves and pharmacokinetic Parameters in healthy men after they drank large amounts of alcohol under controlled real-world conditions. Here we present a reappraisal of this published study to highlight certain aspects of interest for forensic casework, such as when expert testimony is presented on the pharmacokinetics of ethanok Healthy men, all regular drinkers, consumed large doses of alcohol (3.0-5.7 g/kg body weight) in a social setting for 5 to 10 hours. According to preference, the men drank beer, stomach bitters, or spirits in the company of a girlfriend or spouse. Food was available during the drinking session and the men were allowed to watch video films or play cards. Specimens of venous blood were taken from indwelling catheters every 15 to 30 minutes during and after the end of drinking and the concentrations of ethanol were determined in duplicate by both gas chromatography and enzymatic oxidation. The mean of the four measurements was used to plot concentration-time profiles of alcohol for each rubject. The average Cmax was 2.65 g/kg (range 1.92-3.80 g/kg) and tmax occurred at 425 min (range 250-608 min) after the start of drinking. In five of the 14 drinking studies, Cmax occurred before the subjects finished their last drink, mean time to peak after the end of drinking was 2 min (range - 56 to 50 min). The rate of alcohol elimination from blood was 0.167 g/kg/h on average (range 0.11 to 0.26 g/kg/h) and only one subject exceeded 0.20 g/kg/h. The average volume of distribution of alcohol (Widmark's rho factor) was 1.05 (range 0.77-1.32), being considerably higher than expected from knowledge of the water content of the blood and the whole body. The abnormally high rho-factors suggest an appreciable presystemic metabolism of alcohol, either in the gut or the liver or both organs, when drinking continues for 5-10 hours. The rate of alcohol elimination from blood was not much different from many bolus dose drinking experiments (mean 0.15 g/kg/h). It seems that continuous heavy drinking for days or weeks is necessary to increase the activity of microsomal enzymes (CYP2E1) and cause a faster elimination rate of alcohol from blood. There were no unexpected irregularities in the concentrations of alcohol between successive blood samples, which does not support the notion of a so-called steepling effect in the post-absorptive state.
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| 3. |
- Schroter, D, et al.
(författare)
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Ecosystem service supply and vulnerability to global change in Europe
- 2005
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Ingår i: Science. - : American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). - 1095-9203 .- 0036-8075. ; 310:5752, s. 1333-1337
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Global change will alter the supply of ecosystem services that are vital for human well-being. To investigate ecosystem service supply during the 21st century, we used a range of ecosystem models and scenarios of climate and land-use change to conduct a Europe-wide assessment. Large changes in climate and land use typically resulted in large changes in ecosystem service supply. Some of these trends may be positive (for example, increases in forest area and productivity) or offer opportunities (for example, "surplus land" for agricultural extensification and bioenergy production). However, many changes increase vulnerability as a result of a decreasing supply of ecosystem services (for example, declining soil fertility, declining water availability, increasing risk of forest fires), especially in the Mediterranean and mountain regions.
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| 4. |
- Karlsson, A. M., et al.
(författare)
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Prosodic Phrasing in Tonal and Non-tonal Dialects of Kammu
- 2007
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 16th International congress of phonetic sciences. ; , s. 1309-1312
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Kammu, a Mon-Khmer language spoken in Northern Laos, is a language that has developed lexical tones rather recently, from the point of view of language history. One of the main dialects of this language is a tone language with high or low tone on each syllable, while the other main dialect lacks lexical tones. The dialects differ only marginally in other respects. This type of language material allows us to investigate how the existence of lexical tones in a language influences the use of intonation, especially as a signal for focus and phrasing. We performed an introductory study of tonal means of phrasing in the tonal and non-tonal dialects of Kammu. As expected, we do find differences in boundary signaling. In both dialects, we found differences between (pragmatically) marked and unmarked boundaries. At marked phrase boundaries we find signaling of focus and of some expressive meanings. The difference between the two dialects is in the functional load of the intonational gestures. Thus, pragmatically marked boundaries are assigned high pitch in the tonal dialect, while in the non-tonal dialect it is a pitch fall that has high pragmatic load.
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| 5. |
- Peery, M. Zachariah, et al.
(författare)
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Characterizing source-sink dynamics with genetic parentage assignments
- 2008
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Ingår i: Ecology. - : Wiley. - 0012-9658 .- 1939-9170. ; 89:10, s. 2746-2759
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Source-sink dynamics have been suggested to characterize the population structure of many species, but the prevalence of source-sink systems in nature is uncertain because of inherent challenges in estimating migration rates among populations. Migration rates are often difficult to estimate directly with demographic methods, and indirect genetic methods are subject to a variety of assumptions that are difficult to meet or to apply to evolutionary timescales. Furthermore, such methods cannot be rigorously applied to high-gene-flow species. Here, we employ genetic parentage assignments in conjunction with demographic simulations to infer the level of immigration into a putative sink population. We use individual-based demographic models to estimate expected distributions of parent offspring dyads under competing sink and closed-population models. By comparing the actual number of parent-offspring dyads (identified from multilocus genetic profiles) in a random sample of individuals taken from a population to expectations under these two contrasting demographic models, it is possible to estimate the rate of immigration and test hypotheses related to the role of immigration on population processes on an ecological timescale. The difference in the expected number of parent-offspring dyads between the two population models was greatest when immigration into the sink population was high, indicating that unlike traditional population genetic inference models, the highest degree of statistical power is achieved for the approach presented here when migration rates are high. We used the proposed genetic parentage approach to demonstrate that a threatened population of Marbled Murrelets (Brachyramphus marmotus) appears to be supplemented by a low level of immigration (similar to 2-6% annually) from other populations.
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