| 1. |
- Kao-Walter, Sharon, et al.
(författare)
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A Comparison of 2-zone and 3-zone Models in Tearing based on Essential Work of Fracture
- 2009
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Two different models (2-zone and 3-zone) for describing the deformation and fracture behavior of tearing ligament was compared and discussed based on the experimental results made by Kim et al. The models are based on the Essential Work of Fracture approach for predicting the specific total work of fracture along the tear path across plastic zones. The experiment and analysis were based on 2-leg trousers tear specimen. The materials chosen in this work were PET (0.508 mm). The results showed that the accuracy of 3-zone model was higher than 2-zone model. It was found that this difference is because the 2-zone model did not consider the plastic deformation caused by loading prior to tearing. Also a finite element model was created to simulate the behavior around the crack tip.
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| 2. |
- Klionsky, Daniel J., et al.
(författare)
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Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy in higher eukaryotes
- 2008
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Ingår i: Autophagy. - : Landes Bioscience. - 1554-8627 .- 1554-8635. ; 4:2, s. 151-175
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Research in autophagy continues to accelerate,1 and as a result many new scientists are entering the field. Accordingly, it is important to establish a standard set of criteria for monitoring macroautophagy in different organisms. Recent reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose.2,3 There are many useful and convenient methods that can be used to monitor macroautophagy in yeast, but relatively few in other model systems, and there is much confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure macroautophagy in higher eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers of autophagosomes versus those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway; thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from fully functional autophagy that includes delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of the methods that can be used by investigators who are attempting to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as by reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that investigate these processes. This set of guidelines is not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to verify an autophagic response.
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| 3. |
- Schael, S, et al.
(författare)
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Precision electroweak measurements on the Z resonance
- 2006
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Ingår i: Physics Reports. - : Elsevier BV. - 0370-1573 .- 1873-6270. ; 427:5-6, s. 257-454
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- We report on the final electroweak measurements performed with data taken at the Z resonance by the experiments operating at the electron-positron colliders SLC and LEP. The data consist of 17 million Z decays accumulated by the ALEPH, DELPHI, L3 and OPAL experiments at LEP, and 600 thousand Z decays by the SLID experiment using a polarised beam at SLC. The measurements include cross-sections, forward-backward asymmetries and polarised asymmetries. The mass and width of the Z boson, m(Z) and Gamma(Z), and its couplings to fermions, for example the p parameter and the effective electroweak mixing angle for leptons, are precisely measured: m(Z) = 91.1875 +/- 0.0021 GeV, Gamma(Z) = 2.4952 +/- 0.0023 GeV, rho(l) = 1.0050 +/- 0.0010, sin(2)theta(eff)(lept) = 0.23153 +/- 0.00016. The number of light neutrino species is determined to be 2.9840 +/- 0.0082, in agreement with the three observed generations of fundamental fermions. The results are compared to the predictions of the Standard Model (SM). At the Z-pole, electroweak radiative corrections beyond the running of the QED and QCD coupling constants are observed with a significance of five standard deviations, and in agreement with the Standard Model. Of the many Z-pole measurements, the forward-backward asymmetry in b-quark production shows the largest difference with respect to its SM expectation, at the level of 2.8 standard deviations. Through radiative corrections evaluated in the framework of the Standard Model, the Z-pole data are also used to predict the mass of the top quark, m(t) = 173(+10)(+13) GeV, and the mass of the W boson, m(W) = 80.363 +/- 0.032 GeV. These indirect constraints are compared to the direct measurements, providing a stringent test of the SM. Using in addition the direct measurements of m(t) and m(W), the mass of the as yet unobserved SM Higgs boson is predicted with a relative uncertainty of about 50% and found to be less than 285 GeV at 95% confidence level. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 4. |
- Wang, Shanshan, et al.
(författare)
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Endface reflectivities of optical nanowires
- 2009
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Ingår i: Optics Express. - 1094-4087. ; 17:13, s. 10881-10886
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Endface reflectivities (ERs) of optical nanowires are investigated using three-dimensional finite-difference time-domain simulations. Typical ERs of both free-standing and substrate-supported silica, tellurite, PMMA and semiconductor nanowires or nanofibers are obtained. Unlike in conventional waveguides such as optical fibers, ERs of nanowires are usually considerably lower when operated in single mode. Dependences of ER on the diameter and the refractive index of the nanowire, and the wavelength of the guided light are also investigated. These results are helpful for estimating and understanding ERs in optical nanowires with diameters close to or smaller than the wavelengths of the light, and may offer valuable references for practical applications such as nanowire or nanofiber-based resonators and lasers.
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| 5. |
- Xu, Min, et al.
(författare)
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Ototoxicity on cochlear nucleus neurons following systemic application of gentamicin
- 2009
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Ingår i: Acta Oto-Laryngologica. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1651-2251 .- 0001-6489. ; 129:7, s. 745-748
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Conclusion. The gentamicin-induced pathological alteration in the cochlear nucleus is not exclusively a secondary consequence of the damage in the cochlea. Instead, the toxic effect of gentamicin on the cochlear nucleus may occur simultaneously or even earlier than that on the cochlea. Objectives. To investigate the pathological alteration of cochlear nucleus neurons in guinea pigs following systemic application of gentamicin. Materials and methods. Guinea pigs were injected with gentamicin for I day, 3 days, I week, 2 weeks, and 3 weeks, respectively. In gentamicin-treated animals, the hearing function was evaluated by measuring the auditory brainstem response (ABR). The number and cross-sectional area of substance P-positive neurons in the cochlear nucleus were also measured. Results. The threshold of ABR and the number of substance P-positive neurons in the cochlear nucleus were significantly increased after I week and 3 days of injection of gentamicin, respectively. The cross-sectional area of substance P-positive neurons in the cochlear nucleus was significantly reduced after 1-day injection of gentamicin.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Zhang, L., et al.
(författare)
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Increasing the delay-bit rate product on silicon chip using Star-16QAM signal with high spectral efficiency
- 2009
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Ingår i: Optical Transmission Systems, Switching, and Subsystems VII. - : SPIE. - 9780819480347 ; , s. 763204-
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- We proposed and experimentally demonstrate the generation of a novel star-16QAM using a dual-parallel Mach-Zehnder modulator (DPMZM) followed by a phase modulator (PM). Coherent detection and off-line processing are used to recover constellation diagrams. We also study optical delay of a novel star-16QAM signal through a silicon microring resonator. Delay time of ∼ 30ps is observed by comparing the eye diagram of the star-16QAM signal on-resonance with that off-resonance.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Zhu, Yinian, et al.
(författare)
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Strain-insensitive and high-temperature long-period gratings inscribed in photonic crystal fiber
- 2005
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Ingår i: Optics Letters. - : Optical Society of America. - 0146-9592 .- 1539-4794. ; 30:4, s. 367-369
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We fabricate and demonstrate strain-insensitive and high-temperature long-period gratings in endlessly single-mode photonic crystal fiber by use of focused pulses of a CO2 laser and a periodic stress relaxation technique without geometrical deformation and elongation of the fiber. The thermal dependence of mode coupling at 1299.59 nm is 10.9 pm/°C from 24 to 992 °C, whereas the coefficient of strain sensitivity is −0.192 pm/??-0.192 pm/−0.192 pm/?? up to the maximum strain of 2.74%?2.74%−0.192 pm/?. It is found for what is believed to be the first time that, in contrast with the traditional fiber case, the coupling resonance shifts toward shorter wavelengths under applied strain, indicating that the refractive index of the core is decreased as a result of the rebuilding of tension attributed to the stress-elastic effect, and the cladding modes is highly dispersive because of airholes arranged in the fiber cladding.
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