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- Clegg, Sue, 1952-, et al.
(författare)
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The emperor's new clothes : globalisation and e-learning in higher education
- 2003
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Ingår i: British Journal of Sociology of Education. - Basingstoke : Carfax Publishing. - 0142-5692 .- 1465-3346. ; 24:1, s. 39-53
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Two closely related and over-determining myths have shaped government inspired policy towards Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) and education: the one is the irresistible power of globalisation, the other is the determining effect of technology. The result of both is to present the acceptance of e-learning throughout the education system as inevitable. The space left for practitioners in Higher Education is either to embrace the new media enthusiastically or to stand aside and watch its inevitable unfolding. In this paper we develop a critical stance towards the dominant discourse and suggest that the shape of new media in education can be, and is being contested. We argue against both technological determinism and the passive acceptance of the neo-liberal globalisation paradigm. No technologies are neutral. They are always the products of real historical social relations as well as the emergent technical capacities they provide. ICTs as artefacts and social processes are already inscribed with gendered assumptions and the accumulation strategies of their purveyors. Moreover, the conditions under which e-learning is being introduced into education are shaped by managerialist agendas. Placing pedagogy at the forefront is therefore to struggle over the terms and shape of the media adopted. We can see this at both the micro and macro level. Our paper exposes the emperor's new clothes while arguing that there is space for critical discourses that can more meaningfully engage with socially available technologies.
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| 5. |
- Donatelle, Rebecca, et al.
(författare)
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Incentives in smoking cessation: status of the field and implications for research and practice with pregnant smokers.
- 2004
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Ingår i: Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1462-2203. ; 6 Suppl 2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We review the rationale and empirical evidence for the use of incentive and contingency management strategies for smoking cessation. Plausible theoretical rationales exist for the application of these strategies to smoking cessation, and a great deal of research with illicit drug users in laboratory or controlled treatment settings suggests such strategies can be effective. Contingency management methods have been effective in modifying smoking behavior in volunteers not seeking cessation assistance in highly controlled settings. Incentives have been used primarily as a component of worksite interventions, in community-wide quit-and-win programs, in quasiexperimental and experimental trials, and more recently with low-income pregnant women. Worksite studies have rarely been designed to isolate the impact of incentives. Nevertheless, they appear to be useful in these settings especially in increasing participation and increasing awareness about the deleterious effects of smoking. Quit-and-win programs are used widely in the United States and internationally and appear to attract many participants and produce modest quit rates. The quality of the evaluations of quit-and-win programs varies considerably, and none has employed rigorous control or comparison groups to sufficiently identify the effect of incentives. Recent controlled studies have yielded promising results with pregnant smokers, and larger trials are in progress. We discuss key methodological issues in mounting and evaluating incentive interventions, particularly during pregnancy, and discuss the practical and ethical issues arising from the use of incentives.
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- Engert, JC, et al.
(författare)
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5 ' flanking variants of resistin are associated with obesity
- 2002
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Ingår i: Diabetes. - : American Diabetes Association. - 1939-327X .- 0012-1797. ; 51:5, s. 1629-1634
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Diabetes and obesity have long been known to be related. The recently characterized adipocyte hormone resistin (also called FIZZ3/ADSF) has been implicated as a molecular link between impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and obesity in mice. A search for sequence variants at the human resistin locus identified nine single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) but no coding variants. An investigation into the association of these SNPs with diabetes and obesity revealed two 5' flanking variants (g.-537 and g.-420), in strong linkage disequilibrium, that are associated with BMI. In nondiabetic individuals from the Quebec City area and the Saguenay-Lac-St-Jean region of Quebec, the g.-537 mutation (allelic frequency = 0.04) was significantly associated with an increase in BMI (P = 0.03 and P = 0.01, respectively). When the data from these two populations were combined and adjusted for age and sex, both the g.-537 (odds ratio [OR] 2.72, 95% Cl 1.28-5.81) and the g.-420 variants (1.58, 1.06-2.35) were associated with an increased risk for a BMI greater than or equal to30 kg/m(2). In contrast, in case/control and family-based study populations from Scandinavia, we saw no effect on BMI with either of these promoter variants. No association was seen with diabetes in any of the population samples.
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- Florez, JC, et al.
(författare)
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Association testing in 9,000 people fails to confirm the association of the insulin receptor substrate-1 G972R polymorphism with type 2 diabetes
- 2004
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Ingår i: Diabetes. - : American Diabetes Association. - 1939-327X .- 0012-1797. ; 53:12, s. 3313-3318
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1 is an important component of the insulin signal transduction cascade. Several reports suggest that a Gly-->Arg change in codon 972 is associated with type 2 diabetes and related traits, and a recent meta-analysis reported a modest but nominally significant association with type 2 diabetes (odds ratio [OR] 1.25 in favor of carriers of the Arg allele [95% CI 1.05-1.48). To test the reproducibility of the model in a recent meta-analysis, we examined genotype-phenotype correlation in three large Caucasian samples (not previously reported for this variant) totaling 9,000 individuals (estimated to have >95% power to obtain a P<0.05 for the OR of 1.25 estimated in the meta-analysis). In our combined sample, comprising 4,279 case and 3,532 control subjects, as well as 1,189 siblings discordant for type 2 diabetes, G972R was not associated with type 2 diabetes (OR 0.96 [0.84-1.10], P = 0.60). Genotype at G972R had no significant effect on various measures of insulin secretion or insulin resistance in a set of Scandinavian samples in whom we had detailed phenotypic data. In contrast, the well-documented associations of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma P12A and Kir6.2 E23K with type 2 diabetes are both robustly observed in these 9,000 subjects, including an additional (previously unpublished) confirmation of Kir6.2 E23K and type 2 diabetes in the Polish and North American samples (combined OR 1.15 [1.05-1.261, P = 0.001). Despite genotyping 9,000 people and >95% power to reproduce the estimated OR from the recent meta-analysis, we were unable to replicate the association of the IRS-1 G972R polymorphism with type 2 diabetes.
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- Florez, Jose C., et al.
(författare)
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Haplotype Structure and Genotype-Phenotype Correlations of the Sulfonylurea Receptor and the Islet ATP-Sensitive Potassium Channel Gene Region.
- 2004
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Ingår i: Diabetes. - : American Diabetes Association. - 1939-327X .- 0012-1797. ; 53:5, s. 1360-1368
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The genes for the sulfonylurea receptor (SUR1; encoded by ABCC8) and its associated islet ATP-sensitive potassium channel (Kir6.2; encoded by KCNJ11) are adjacent to one another on human chromosome 11. Multiple studies have reported association of the E23K variant of Kir6.2 with risk of type 2 diabetes. Whether and how E23K itself—or other variant(s) in either of these two closely linked genes—influences type 2 diabetes remains to be fully determined. To better understand genotype-phenotype correlation at this important candidate gene locus, we 1) characterized haplotype structures across the gene region by typing 77 working, high-frequency markers spanning 207 kb and both genes; 2) performed association studies of E23K and nearby markers in >3,400 patients (type 2 diabetes and control) not previously reported in the literature; and 3) analyzed the resulting data for measures of insulin secretion. These data independently replicate the association of E23K with type 2 diabetes with an odds ratio (OR) in the new data of 1.17 (P = 0.003) as compared with an OR of 1.14 provided by meta-analysis of previously published, nonoverlapping data (P = 0.0002). We find that the E23K variant in Kir6.2 demonstrates very strong allelic association with a coding variant (A1369S) in the neighboring SUR1 gene (r2 > 0.9) across a range of population samples, making it difficult to distinguish which gene and polymorphism in this region are most likely responsible for the reported association. We show that E23K is also associated with decreased insulin secretion in glucose-tolerant control subjects, supporting a mechanism whereby β-cell dysfunction contributes to the common form of type 2 diabetes. Like peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor γ, the SUR1/Kir6.2 gene region both contributes to the inherited risk of type 2 diabetes and encodes proteins that are targets for hypoglycemic medications, providing an intriguing link between the underlying mechanism of disease and validated targets for pharmacological treatment.
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| 10. |
- Hansson, Lars Johan, et al.
(författare)
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Massive recruitment of the barnacle Semibalanus balanoides in the Clyde Sea (Scotland, UK) in the spring of 2000
- 2003
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Ingår i: Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. - 0025-3154. ; 83:5, s. 923-924
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In April 2000 a massive recruitment of the barnacle Semibalanus balanoides was observed in the Clyde Sea. At one location 700 cyprids l(-1) of this species were recorded. This is similar to3500 times more abundant than previously recorded, and resulted in metamorphosis of some cyprids whilst still in the plankton, as well as massive settlement, with recruits found on adults and in the splash zone. The maximum density recorded was 109 settlers cm(-2). Over the next 60 d mortality averaged 85%, resulting in a mean density of 8.4 recruits cm(-2) in June 2000. Recruitment varied spatially at the kin and in scale (site, shore height) but there was no evidence that it was affected by the presence of adult conspecifics.
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