| 1. |
- Gössling, Stefan, et al.
(författare)
-
Parking violations as an economic gamble for public space
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Transport Policy. - : Elsevier. - 0967-070X .- 1879-310X. ; 116, s. 248-257
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Parking fees and fines represent contested issues in cities, as they conflict with vehicle owners' opinion over 'rights' to public space. As cities have moved to regulate vehicle density by introducing parking fees, a share of drivers may feel compelled to 'cheat', weighing the price of parking fees against the cost of fines, or to simply park illegally outside designated areas. To better understand these interrelationships, this paper considers negotiations of public space as an economic gamble that can be assessed on the basis of parking violations. The study is situated in Freiburg, Germany, and relies on a mixed-methods approach that investigates the views of the regulatory agency and its enforcement officers, as well as registered parking violations (n = 181,735, in 2019). Time-spatial probabilities of being fined when parking illegally are calculated as risks, defined as detection probability per "hexagon-hour", an indicator integrating space and time. Results confirm that in the inner city, it is economically rational not to pay parking fees during 86.1% of hexagon-hours, and in surrounding areas during 99.9% of the time. Findings confirm that urban space can be negotiated in an equilibrium of fees, fines and controls. To make vehicle ownership and use less attractive, the price of parking needs to be high. Fines need to be high in relation to fees, and control densities need to constitute significant detection risks.
|
|
| 2. |
- Haustein, Sonja, et al.
(författare)
-
Risky and anxious-aggressive drivers : A key barrier to traffic safety legislation in Germany
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Transportation Research Part F. - : Elsevier. - 1369-8478 .- 1873-5517. ; 89, s. 84-96
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Traffic safety is high on the agenda of European governments. Yet, countries including Germany maintain policies that are commonly identified as increasing traffic risks, such as speed limits set too high or trends of greater car motorization and mass. To better understand some of the interrelationships of driver characteristics and car segments, this paper identifies different groups of drivers, based on a representative sample of German automobilists (n = 1211). Psychological instruments used to identify driver segments include the Driver Behavior Questionnaire (DBQ), the Multidimensional Driving Style Inventory (MDSI), and the HEXACO Personality Inventory. Based on k-means clustering, we identified four distinct groups: Risky drivers, Showy anxious aggressive drivers, Anxious drivers and Calm drivers. Questions focused on sociodemographics, political orientation, and traffic laws are used to describe these psychographic segments. Findings suggest that Risky and Showy anxious-aggressive drivers represent a greater threat to traffic safety than other driver segments for different reasons: they drive more powerful and larger cars, deliberately violate traffic laws - creating unsafe traffic conditions for others -, and oppose legislation making traffic safer, while also voting for parties holding on to the status quo. As their political choices appear dominated by automobile interests, there are widespread implications for society.
|
|
| 3. |
- Humpe, Andreas, et al.
(författare)
-
Car careers : A socio-psychological evaluation of aspirational automobile ownership
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Transportation Research Part A. - : Elsevier. - 0965-8564 .- 1879-2375. ; 164, s. 156-166
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- There is a general consensus that private car ownership is a significant barrier to transport system change, specifically in regard to injuries, space, air pollutants, or greenhouse gas emissions. Observed changes in automobile characteristics also suggest that the system is becoming less sustainable, given trends towards larger cars with greater mass and horsepower. It is thus relevant to understand how the automobile system progresses. National statistics provide data on the technical side of car ownership, such as changes in vehicle specifics or national fleet size. This paper complements this view with a socio-psychological perspective on aspirational car owner-ship, i.e. the type of car people preferred to drive if given a free choice. Data is derived from an online panel (n = 1,211) representative of the German population, and also contains information on current car ownership, use, driving style, traffic behavior, attitudes towards traffic risks and safety measures, as well as political orientation. This allows for a discussion of driver segments in relation to the characteristics of cars, and hence to better understand the socio-psychological drivers of the development of the automobile system.
|
|
