| 1. |
- Falak, Noreen, et al.
(author)
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Transcription Factors as the "Blitzkrieg" of Plant Defense : A Pragmatic View of Nitric Oxide's Role in Gene Regulation
- 2021
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In: International Journal of Molecular Sciences. - : MDPI. - 1661-6596 .- 1422-0067. ; 22:2
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Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Plants are in continuous conflict with the environmental constraints and their sessile nature demands a fine-tuned, well-designed defense mechanism that can cope with a multitude of biotic and abiotic assaults. Therefore, plants have developed innate immunity, R-gene-mediated resistance, and systemic acquired resistance to ensure their survival. Transcription factors (TFs) are among the most important genetic components for the regulation of gene expression and several other biological processes. They bind to specific sequences in the DNA called transcription factor binding sites (TFBSs) that are present in the regulatory regions of genes. Depending on the environmental conditions, TFs can either enhance or suppress transcriptional processes. In the last couple of decades, nitric oxide (NO) emerged as a crucial molecule for signaling and regulating biological processes. Here, we have overviewed the plant defense system, the role of TFs in mediating the defense response, and that how NO can manipulate transcriptional changes including direct post-translational modifications of TFs. We also propose that NO might regulate gene expression by regulating the recruitment of RNA polymerase during transcription.
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| 2. |
- Hussain, Adil, et al.
(author)
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Nitric oxide synthase in the plant kingdom
- 2021
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In: Nitric oxide in plant biology. - : Elsevier. - 9780128187975 ; , s. 43-52
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Book chapter (peer-reviewed)abstract
- After the discovery of nitric oxide (NO) as an important signaling molecule in plants, its involvement has been reported in several key physiological processes. At the cellular level, slight alterations in the quantity of NO or its various adducts, also known as reactive nitrogen intermediates (RNIs), have phenomenal implications. In plants this highly reactive, diatomic gaseous molecule regulates a plethora of physiological processes ranging from development, to reproduction, and defense against biotic and abiotic stresses. In animals, NO is produced enzymatically via the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) enzyme. However, after decades of research, it is now clear that in plants there is not one but several routes for NO production. Interestingly the discovery of a NOS enzyme in plants has remained an attractive topic of research for plant scientists over the years; the enzyme still remains elusive. In this chapter we briefly discuss the different pathways responsible for NO production in plants with special emphasis on the enzymatic production. We also discuss the NOS enzyme and its presence in lower and higher plants.
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| 3. |
- Imran, Qari Muhammad, et al.
(author)
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Abiotic stress in plants, stress perception to molecular response and role of biotechnological tools in stress resistance
- 2021
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In: Agronomy. - : MDPI. - 2073-4395. ; 11:8
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Plants, due to their sessile nature, face several environmental adversities. Abiotic stresses such as heat, cold, drought, heavy metals, and salinity are serious threats to plant production and yield. To cope with these stresses, plants have developed sophisticated mechanisms to avoid or resist stress conditions. A proper response to abiotic stress depends primarily on how plants perceive the stress signal, which in turn leads to initiation of signaling cascades and induction of resistance genes. New biotechnological tools such as RNA-seq and CRISPR-cas9 are quite useful in identifying target genes on a global scale, manipulating these genes to achieve tolerance, and helping breeders to develop stress-tolerant cultivars. In this review, we will briefly discuss the adverse effects of key abiotic stresses such as cold, heat, drought, and salinity. We will also discuss how plants sense various stresses and the importance of biotechnological tools in the development of stress-tolerant cultivars.
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| 4. |
- Imran, Qari Muhammad, et al.
(author)
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NO and ROS crosstalk and acquisition of abiotic stress tolerance
- 2021
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In: Nitric oxide in plant biology. - : Elsevier. - 9780128187975 ; , s. 477-491
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Book chapter (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Nitric oxide (NO) and H2O2, known as signaling molecules, particularly regulate various cellular processes under stress conditions. Abiotic stress, like other stresses, leads to the production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS, respectively). The interaction or crosstalk between these two redox molecules is important for the regulation of cellular processes. Increasing evidence has suggested that NO transfers its bioactivity through posttranslational modifications, the major among them is S-nitrosation, the covalent attachment of an NO moiety to a cysteine thiol that can bring conformational changes in proteins and hence in their functions. S-nitrosation of the tripeptide glutathione (GSH) results in the formation of S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO), which is a relatively stable reservoir of NO. The formation of GSNO, therefore, determines cellular redox status, crucial for normal metabolic activities, and is regulated by key enzyme GSNO reductase (GSNOR) in plants. Here, we overview the importance of H2O2 and NO as signaling molecules in plants and their roles in stress tolerance. We also discuss crosstalk between H2O2 and NO and its importance in abiotic stress tolerance, with examples of salt, cold, drought, metal, and heat tolerance. The accumulated data from the cited research has important implications for the improved productivity of many crop plants.
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