| 1. |
- Hvitt Strömvall, Ann-Margret, 1963, et al.
(author)
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Ambient monoterpenes from stone groundwood pulp production
- 1990
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In: Holzforschung. ; 44, s. 449-452
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Composition and ambient concentrations in air were studied for monoterpenes from stone groundwood production at a Swedish plant using exclusively pulp wood from Norway spruce. Field samples were taken on Tenax adsorption cartridges and analyzed by thermal desorption combined with temperature programmed capillary gas chromatography. The major monoterpenes emitted from the process were alpha-pinene(54-59 %) and beta-pinene(24-28 %). Limonene, 3-carene, beta-phellandrene, camphene and myrcene (1-10 % each) followed in decreasing relative proportions. Total ambient monoterpene concentrations above 500 microgram/m3 were assessed at ground level downwind from the emissions. Photo-oxidants formed in the monoterpene plumes are discussed with respect to forest damage and health hazards.
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| 2. |
- Hvitt Strömvall, Ann-Margret, 1963, et al.
(author)
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Conifer monoterpenes emitted to air by logging operations
- 1991
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In: Scandinavian journal of forest research. ; 6, s. 253-258
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Concentration levels in air were determined for monoterpenes emitted from forestry operations in south-west Sweden. Field samples were collected on Tenax cartridges and analyzed in the laboratory by techniques based on gas chromatography. Processing of Scots pine as well as Norway spruce with a harvestor gave rise to about 1000 microgram/m3 of total monoterpenes near the machine. The corresponding levels above fresh branch wood were 100-500 microgram/m3. The background level was around 1 microgram/m3. The major monoterpenes were alpha-pinene and 3-carene from Pinus sylvestris and alpha-pinene and beta-pinene from Picea abies. Compounds constituting 1-10 % each of the total monoterpenes were camphene, 3-carene, limonene, beta-phellandrene and myrcene for spruce and camphene, beta-pinene, limonene, beta-phellandrene, myrcene and terpinolene for pine. Representative percent compositions for the two species are given for 13 monoterpenes. Photo-oxidant formation from the monoterpenes is discussed with respect to potential local contributions to strain and damage of the forests. Possible preventive measures are suggested.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Hvitt Strömvall, Ann-Margret, 1963, et al.
(author)
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Monoterpenes emitted to air from industrial barking of Scandinavian conifers
- 1993
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In: Environmental Pollution. ; 79, s. 215-218
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Monoterpenes released to air were determined during single-log barking of timber at a saw-mill and during tumble drum barking of pulpwood at a TMP mill. Characteristic proportions of fourteen compounds were assessed by adsorbent sampling and gas chromatography. For Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris), the bicylic monoterpenes alpha-pinene and 3-carene predominated. For Norway spruce (Picea abies), alpha-pinene followed by beta-pinene were the major components. The proportions of beta-phellandrene and myrcene from spruce were remarkably high from barking compared to wood processing. Environmental aspects on the emissions are discussed.
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| 6. |
- Hvitt Strömvall, Ann-Margret, 1963, et al.
(author)
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Photooxidant-forming monoterpenes in air plumes from kraft pulp industries
- 1993
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In: Environmental Pollution. ; 79, s. 219-223
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Monoterpenes emitted to air from two Swedish kraft (sulphate) pulp-mills were determined by sampling on the Tenax adsorbent followed by laboratory analysis using thermal desorption combined with high-resolution gas chromatography. The composition of the terpenes was found to be similar in the emissions from various parts of the process as well as in the mill plume. The bicyclic terpenes alpha-pinene and 3-carene, originating principally from wood of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris), predominated among the thirteen assessed hydrocarbon monoterpenes. Terpinolene was the most prominent among the particularly reactive terpenes with a lifetime in ozone-rich air of only a few minutes. The rapid formation of photooxidants by chemical reactions of the terpenes with other components of the mill plume is discussed. It is concluded that a variety of phytotoxic photooxidants are formed which may contribute significantly to forest decline within 50 km of mills located along coasts.
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| 7. |
- Hvitt Strömvall, Ann-Margret, 1963, et al.
(author)
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Protection of terpenes against oxidative and acid decomposition on adsorbent cartridges
- 1992
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In: Journal of Chromatography. ; 589, s. 385-389
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Sampling of monoterpenes from air on Tenax porous polymer may introduce analytical errors owing to oxidation and acid rearrangements on the adsorbent. Particularly terpenes which react rapidly with ozone, e.g. myrcene and limonene, are partially lost when sampling air with high photooxidant levels. On acidified adsoption cartridges, alpha-pinene and beta-pinene may be converted into camphene, limonene, para-cymene and several minor monoterpenes. Pretreatment of the adsorption cartridges with thiosulphate as an antioxidant and hydrogencarbonate as a buffer were found to prevent decomposition and rearrangements. Applications to monoterpenes emitted from the kraft, thermo-mechanical and sulphite pulp industries are presented.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Hvitt Strömvall, Ann-Margret, 1963
(author)
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Terpenes Emitted to Air from Forestry and the Forest Industry
- 1992
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- A major environmental concern with respect to hydrocarbon emissions is the formation of phytotoxic photooxidants. The work reported in this thesis focusses on the poorly studied anthropogenic terpene emissions from the industrial use of softwood. The advanced analytical determinations were made by adsorption sampling followed by thermal desorption and gas chromatography in the laboratory. Monoterpenes from forestry were analyzed for Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) and Norway spruce (Picea abies). Near to a harvester, the total monoterpene concentrations reached ~1000 mg/m3, whereas the background level was ~1 mg/m3. Prominent monoterpenes were a-pinene, b-pinene, 3-carene, camphene, limonene, b-phellandrene, myrcene and terpinolene. Local formation of phytotoxic photooxidants may occur because of the short lifetimes of terpenes in air. Terpenes in process emissions and plumes from kraft pulp industries were found to have a uniform composition similar to that of pulpwood and of recovered sulphate turpentine. Predominant monoterpenes were a-pinene and 3-carene from Scots pine. The emitted terpenes give rise to photooxidants and to oxidation of co-emitted sulphur and nitrogen oxides. The monoterpenes in emissions from industries producing stone groundwood and thermomechanical pulp were similar in composition to that of the processed pulpwood from Norway spruce. The major monoterpenes were a-pinene (>50%) and b-pinene (~25%). The process emissions from a sulphite mill consisted mainly of p-cymene, formed from spruce monoterpenes by acid rearrangements. The terpene emissions from the barking of timber and pulpwood differed somewhat in composition from that of the wood. Increased proportions of b-phellandrene and myrcene were observed for Norway spruce. Oxidative decomposition and acid rearrangements of monoterpenes in the sampling cartridges were studied as major analytical difficulties. Pretreatment with thiosulphate and hydrogencarbonate prevented unwanted reactions of the terpenes.
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| 10. |
- Hvitt Strömvall, Ann-Margret, 1963, et al.
(author)
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Terpenes emitted to air from TMP and sulphite pulp mills
- 1992
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In: Holzforschung. ; 46, s. 99-102
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Terpenes were studied at two Swedish pulp mills processing wood from Norway spruce (Picea abies). Field samples were adsorbed from air on Tenax cartridges and analyzed in the laboratory by thermal desorption and gas chromatography.The emissions from a large thermomechanical pulp (TMP) plant consisted mainly of chemically unchanged hydrocarbon monoterpenes from the wood. The major monoterpenes were alpha-pinene (>50 %) and beta-pinene (20-30 %).The proportions of ten additional components were determined in the process emissions, which may be recovered to turpentine.The process emissions from a sulphite pulp mill consisted predominantly of the alkylbenzene para-cymene, formed from monoterpenes by acid reactions in the digestors. The contribution of the emissions to photo-oxidant formation in the surrounding region may be significant for both types of mills.
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