| 1. |
- Eckerlund, Ingemar, et al.
(författare)
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Change-oriented patient questionnaires : testing a new method at three departments of ophthalmology.
- 1997
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Ingår i: International journal of health care quality assurance incorporating Leadership in health services. - : MCB University Press. - 1366-0756. ; 10, s. 254-259
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The use of patient questionnaires has increased widely in recent years. Their purpose, to incorporate patient perspectives into the orientation and design of health care, is, of course, commendable. However, the survey methods themselves have been less adequate, both in terms of validity and reliability, and with respect to the potential for using the results to improve the quality of health care. Presents a pilot study at three departments of ophthalmology in Sweden, involving a new method which meets reasonable demands for validity and reliability, and is explicitly change-oriented.
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| 2. |
- Jönsson, Ingemar
(författare)
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Costs and Tactics in the Evolution of Reproductive Effort
- 1996
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This study focuses on various aspects of costs of reproduction and the evolution of energetic breeding tactics. It emphasizes the distinction between demographic costs of reproduction expressed already before current offspring have reached independence (prebreeding costs), and costs expressed only after offspring independence (postbreeding costs). Prebreeding costs have only rarely been appreciated in earlier studies on life history evolution. A constrained optimization model that evaluates the effect of pre- and postbreeding costs on the evolution of reproductive effort tactics is presented. The results show that effort tactics which imply prebreeding costs are at a relative disadvantage compared to tactics that imply postbreeding costs, and that tactics with postbreeding costs should be favoured as the prospects of future fitness decline. In a conceptual paper, two general tactics of resource use in reproduction, capital and income breeding, are discussed from energetic and demographic perspectives. This thesis also includes two empirical studies on a population of the Eurasian kestrel (Falco tinnunculus) breeding in Finland. The first examines the relationship between daily energy expenditure (DEE), using the doubly labeled water technique, and variables of flight activity, food delivery, and body mass in breeding kestrels. No relationships between DEE and flight activity, food delivery, or daily mass change were found in female kestrels, but DEE was strongly negatively associated with the time an individual was in sight. This suggests that activities when the bird was out of sight contributed importantly to individual variation in DEE. DEE increased surprisingly steeply with body mass in both male and female kestrels. Several possible explanations for this result are discussed. In the second kestrel study, patterns of body mass during breeding were analysed. Finnish kestrels breed under highly variable food and thermal conditions, which may affect the opportunity and benefit of collecting reserve energy prior to egg laying in the female. Mean body mass in female kestrels during both incubation and mid-nestling was lower than reported for populations breeding in central and western Europe. Also male kestrels had lower body masses during mid-nestling. Although female kestrels would potentially benefit from higher reserve levels, particularly in the early nestling period, the migratory habit, short breeding season and harsh thermal environment at the time when reserves should be formed may make it unfavourable to collect more reserves. This is because the delay in date of egg laying that would result from additional reserve formation could have negative effects on parental and offspring survival.
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| 3. |
- Jönsson, K. Ingemar, 1959-
(författare)
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Skendödens mästare
- 1999
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Ingår i: Forskning och framsteg. - 0015-7937. ; :7, s. 38-41
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Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)
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| 4. |
- Åkesson, Kristina, et al.
(författare)
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Assessment of biochemical markers of bone metabolism in relation to the occurrence of fracture : a retrospective and prospective population-based study of women
- 1995
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Ingår i: Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. - : Wiley. - 0884-0431 .- 1523-4681. ; 10:11, s. 1823-1829
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We have in a population-based setting evaluated biochemical markers of bone metabolism in 328 women, aged 40-80 years, and related it to contents of bone mineral measurements and the retrospective and prospective presence of fracture. The participants were recruited from the city population files. Serum samples for analysis of osteocalcin (Oc), procollagen I carboxy-terminal extension peptide (PICP), and carboxy-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (ICTP) were taken, and forearm bone mineral content (BMC) was measured by single photon absorptiometry (SPA). Fracture history was recorded, and the information was verified and supplemented from both radiologic and orthopedic files. Five years later the registration of fractures was repeated. At the initial investigation, Oc was 23% lower in women who had sustained a fracture (n = 37) within 6 years before measurement (6.3 +/- 3.6 microgram/l vs 8.2 +/- 4.2 microgram/l (p = 0.006)), after adjusting for age and BMC difference. PICP and ICTP were not different from values in the women without fracture. However, in women aged 70-80 years with a fracture sustained during the previous 6 years, PICP was lower (128 +/- 32 microgram/l vs 144 +/- 34 microgram/l, p = 0.046). Oc and ICTP were significantly correlated to age and BMC (Oc-age r = 0.36, Oc-BMC r = -0.31, ICTP-age r = 0.44, ICTP-BMC r = -0.24). The correlations of PICP were weaker. Prospectively, logistic regression gave an odds ratio (OR) of 1.8 (p = 0.015) for a low PICP and fracture susceptibility, at a change of 1 SD, independent of age and BMC. In the age bracket 70-80, the odds ratio was 2.4 (p = 0.036). The odds ratio for ICTP, independent of age and BMC, was 1.9 (P = 0.043) for 1 SD decrease and subsequent fracture risk. We concluded that women who had sustained at least one recent fracture had an altered bone turnover with decreased bone formation but an unaltered resorption. Women with retrospectively registered fractures also sustained subsequent fractures. A decrease from the mean of the collagen markers PICP and ICTP was associated with an increased risk for future fracture. Utilizing these biochemical markers of bone metabolism in a female population, PICP and ICTP had a similar influence on the risk of future fracture as forearm BMC (OR = 1.6, p = 0.03).
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