| 1. |
- Alriksson, Björn, et al.
(författare)
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Optimal conditions for alkaline detoxification of dilute-acid lignocellulose hydrolysates.
- 2006
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Ingår i: Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology. - 0273-2289 .- 1559-0291. ; 129-132, s. 599-611
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Alkaline detoxification strongly improves the fermentability of dilute-acid hydrolysates in the production of bioethanol from lignocellulose with Saccharomyces cerevisiae. New experiments were performed with NH4OH and NaOH to define optimal conditions for detoxification and make a comparison with Ca(OH)2 treatment feasible. As too harsh conditions lead to sugar degradation, the detoxification treatments were evaluated through the balanced ethanol yield, which takes both the ethanol production and the loss of fermentable sugars into account. The optimization treatments were performed as factorial experiments with 3-h duration and varying pH and temperature. Optimal conditions were found roughly in an area around pH 9.0/60 degrees C for NH4OH treatment and in a narrow area stretching from pH 9.0/80 degrees C to pH 12.0/30 degrees C for NaOH treatment. By optimizing treatment with NH4OH, NaOH, and Ca(OH)2, it was possible to find conditions that resulted in a fermentability that was equal or better than that of a reference fermentation of a synthetic sugar solution without inhibitors, regardless of the type of alkali used. The considerable difference in the amount of precipitate generated after treatment with different types of alkali appears critical for industrial implementation.
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| 2. |
- Borgstrom, F, et al.
(författare)
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The cost-effectiveness of risedronate in the treatment of osteoporosis: an international perspective
- 2006
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Ingår i: Osteoporosis International. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1433-2965 .- 0937-941X. ; 17:7, s. 996-1007
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduction: Risedronate, a bisphosphonate for treatment and prevention of osteoporosis, has been shown in several clinical trials to reduce the risk of fractures in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. The cost-effectiveness of risedronate treatment has previously been evaluated within different country settings using different model and analysis approaches. The objective of this study was to assess the cost-effectiveness of risedronate in postmenopausal women in four European countries-Sweden, Finland, Spain, and Belgium-by making use of the same modelling framework and analysis setup. Methods: A previously developed Markov cohort model for the evaluation of osteoporosis treatments was used to estimate the cost-effectiveness of risedronate treatment. For each country, the model was populated with local mortality, fracture incidence, and cost data. Hip fractures, clinical vertebral fractures, and wrist fractures were included in the model. Results: The incremental cost per quality-adjusted life years (QALY) gained from a 5-year intervention with risedronate compared to "no intervention" in 70-year-old women at the threshold of osteoporosis [T-score = -2.5 based on National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) III data] and previous vertebral fracture was estimated to be E860, E19,532, E11,782, and E32,515 in Sweden, Finland, Belgium, and Spain, respectively. Among 70-year-old women at the threshold of osteoporosis without previous fracture the estimated cost per QALY gained ranged from E21,148 (Sweden) to E80,100 (Spain). The differences in cost-effectiveness between countries are mainly explained by different costs (fracture and treatment costs), fracture risks, and discount rates. Based on cost per QALY gained threshold values found in the literature, the study results indicated risedronate to be cost effective in the treatment of elderly women with established osteoporosis in all the included countries. Conclusions: At a hypothetical threshold value of E40,000 per QALY gained, the results in this study indicate that risedronate is a cost-effective treatment in elderly women at the threshold of osteoporosis (i.e., a T-score of -2.5) with prevalent vertebral fractures in Sweden, Finland, Belgium, and Spain.
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| 3. |
- Borgström, F., et al.
(författare)
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At what hip fracture risk is it cost-effective to treat? International intervention thresholds for the treatment of osteoporosis
- 2006
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Ingår i: Osteoporosis International. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1433-2965 .- 0937-941X. ; 17:10, s. 1459-1471
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduction: Intervention thresholds (ITs), the 10-year hip fracture risk at which treatment can be considered to be cost-effective, have previously been estimated for Sweden and the UK. Objective: The aim of this study was to provide a Markov cohort model platform for a multinational estimation of thresholds at which intervention becomes cost-effective and to investigate and determine the main factors behind differences in these thresholds between countries. Results and discussion: Intervention thresholds were estimated for Australia, Germany, Japan, Sweden, Spain, the UK and USA using a societal perspective. The model was populated with as much relevant country-specific data as possible. Intervention was assumed to be given for 5 years and to decrease the risk of all osteoporotic fractures by 35%. The societal willingness to pay (WTP) for a quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) gained was set to the gross domestic product (GDP) per capita multiplied by two. In the base case analysis, the 10-year hip fracture probability at which intervention became cost-effective varied across ages and countries. For women starting therapy at an age of 70 years, the IT varied from a hip fracture probability of 5.6% in Japan to 14.7% in Spain. The main factors explaining differences in the IT between countries were the WTP for a QALY gained, fracture-related costs and intervention costs. Conclusion: The ITs presented in this paper are appropriate for use in treatment guidelines that consider health economic aspects, and they can be used in combination with fracture risk prediction algorithms to improve the selection of patients who are suitable for osteoporotic intervention.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- De Laet, Chris, et al.
(författare)
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The impact of the use of multiple risk indicators for fracture on case-finding strategies: a mathematical approach.
- 2005
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Ingår i: Osteoporosis international. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0937-941X .- 1433-2965. ; 16:3, s. 313-8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The value of bone mineral density (BMD) measurements to stratify fracture probability can be enhanced in a case-finding strategy that combines BMD measurement with independent clinical risk indicators. Putative risk indicators include age and gender, BMI or weight, prior fracture, the use of corticosteroids, and possibly others. The aim of the present study was to develop a mathematical framework to quantify the impact of using combinations of risk indicators with BMD in case finding. Fracture probability can be expressed as a risk gradient, i.e. a relative risk (RR) of fracture per standard deviation (SD) change in BMD. With the addition of other continuous or categorical risk indicators a continuous distribution of risk indicators is obtained that approaches a normal distribution. It is then possible to calculate the risk of individuals compared with the average risk in the population, stratified by age and gender. A risk indicator with a gradient of fracture risk of 2 per SD identified 36% of the population as having a higher than average fracture risk. In individuals so selected, the risk was on average 1.7 times that of the general population. Where, through the combination of several risk indicators, the gradient of risk of the test increased to 4 per SD, a smaller proportion (24%) was identified as having a higher than average risk, but the average risk in this group was 3.1 times that of the population, which is a much better performance. At higher thresholds of risk, similar phenomena were found. We conclude that, whereas the change of the proportion of the population detected to be at high risk is small, the performance of a test is improved when the RR per SD is higher, indicated by the higher average risk in those identified to be at risk. Case-finding strategies that combine clinical risk indicators with BMD have increased efficiency, while having a modest impact on the number of individuals requiring treatment. Therefore, the cost-effectiveness is enhanced.
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| 6. |
- Hedling, Olof, et al.
(författare)
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”Detta dåliga samvete” : om kortfilmen, regionerna och filmfestivalerna
- 2008
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Ingår i: Välfärdsbilder. - : Statens ljud- och bildarkiv, Stockholm. - 9789188468093 ; , s. 261-281
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- On the production of short films within the contemporary Swedish film production setup. Moreover, the reliance on film festivals for screenings and that shorts are part of a particularly "European art cinema institution" is discussed.
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| 7. |
- Hedvall, Per-Olof
(författare)
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Situerad design för alla : till improvisationens lov
- 2007
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Visionen Design för Alla kan berikas genom att inriktningen på genomtänkta statiska lösningar kompletteras med ett design-för-alla-tänkande också för det dynamiska och situationsbundna. Själva görandet i stunden öppnar för nya möjligheter genom att handlingspotentialen och därmed även tillgängligheten bestäms i själva aktiviteten.Beskrivning och makt är nära förknippade med varandra, och en beskrivningsförskjutning ger följaktligen också en maktförskjutning. I detta fall sker förändringen åt den berörda människans håll och mot hennes möjligheter att improvisera och handla i nuet snarare än att vara tilldelad en färdig förutbestämd ”lösning”.Uppsatsen baseras främst på arbete med datorspels-tillgänglighet i Spelhålan och med interaktiva upplevelsemiljöer i iFields. Den utgår praktiskt och teoretiskt från människan som en aktiv, kreativ och meningssökande varelse. ”Människan” ses genomgående i uppsatsen som människan med sin teknik. Som aktiv, kreativ och meningssökande kan hon dra fördel av en design inriktad inte bara på lösningar för alla utan också på rik handlingspotential. Med det förändrade synsättet blir tillgänglighet inte främst en utifrån fördefinierad egenskap utan en inifrån och i stunden egenupplevd. Den mest tillgängliga tekniken är den anpassningsvänliga och följsamma som kan kröka sig efter människan och erbjuda henne improvisationsmöjligheter och flow.I den nisch av Design för Alla som denna uppsats lyfter fram är en uppdelning i människor med och utan funktionshinder knappast meningsfull. Det avgörande är vad människan kan och vill göra av det ”mellan” som finns mellan henne och omvärlden i själva situationen. Där brukar ”lika möjligheter” inte vara det samma som ”samma möjligheter”. Insatserna i Spelhålan syftade till att tillgängliggöra ett redan befintligt ”mellan”: det i vanliga kommersiella datorspel. Genom att tillföra ett stort antal styrlösningar ökade möjligheterna för nya målgrupper att delta i denna del av ungdomskulturen. Syftet med iFields är att skapa nya ”mellan” där familjer som har barn med funktionshinder kan mötas under andra betingelser än dem som råder i vardagen. I den icke-fysiska världen kan det vara lättare än i den fysiska att bygga på individuell handlingspotential, men överspridningseffekterna till den verkliga världen kan också vara betydande.Beskrivningsförskjutningen har dynamiska effekter, inte bara på tekniksidan (där en aktiv teknik får en annan och starkare ställning) utan också på människosidan. En människa som vänjer sig vid att det i stunden finns möjligheter inom räckhåll och att hon klarar sig med hjälp av dessa präglas av sina erfarenheter till att också få andra förväntningar på att klara sig nästa gång. Förväntningarna gäller både henne själv och hennes mänskliga och tekniska omvärld.
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| 8. |
- Hedvall, Per-Olof
(författare)
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The Activity Diamond - Modeling an Enhanced Accessibility
- 2009
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The purpose of the research presented in this thesis is to enhance the field of accessibility to include a multitude of perspectives. Based on cultural-historical activity theory (CHAT), it analyzes how human, artifactual and natural factors impact an individual’s possibilities to act in concrete situations that are part of a systemic whole. The thesis presents two main results: An enhanced accessibility encompassing: Epiaccessibility, accessibility’s spirit of the times, stands for how experiences of activities alter accessibility capacities, learning, expectations, attitudes, trust, demands and denials of the individual and her human, artifactual and natural environments. Lived accessibility, which includes the anticipations and the experienced conditions of a person to be able to do what she wants in a concrete situation. Planned accessibility, which consists of all the accessibility factors that can be created beforehand based on plans, guidelines and principles. The Activity Diamond, a model for accessibility: The Activity Diamond portrays a human activity system, where the subject-object relation is mediated and thus influenced by the human, artifactual and natural environments. The model is based on four interrelated sets of factors and is situated in time and place. Different actors with different activity systems may be involved. The model can be also used longitudinally in time. The thesis is based on a series of explorative studies in which the analysis unit is shifted from impairments and discriminatory factors in society to unique individual activity systems where humans, artifacts and nature together influence accessibility. The thesis contains the following four papers: The Activity Diamond: a model for multifaceted I. accessibility. Status: Submitted to The Scandinavian Journal of Disability Research, May 5, 2009. An Activity Systemic Approach to Augmentative and II. Alternative Communication. Status: Submitted to the AAC Journal, July 24, 2009. Towards the Era of Mixed Reality: Accessibility Meets III. Three Waves of HCI. Status: Full paper presented at USAB 2009 (Usability & HCI Learning from the Extreme), November 10, 2009, http://usab.icchp.org/. Submitted July 21, 2009. Accepted September 11, 2009. An activity theoretical approach to the International IV. Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health. Status: Submitted to Disability and Rehabilitation October 30, 2009.
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| 9. |
- Hlebowicz, Joanna, et al.
(författare)
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Effect of commercial rye whole-meal bread on postprandial blood glucose and gastric emptying in healthy subjects
- 2009
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Ingår i: Nutrition Journal. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1475-2891. ; 8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: The intake of dietary fibre has been shown to reduce the risk of developing diabetes mellitus. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of commercial rye whole-meal bread containing whole kernels and white wheat bread on the rate of gastric emptying and postprandial glucose response in healthy subjects. Methods: Ten healthy subjects took part in a blinded crossover trial. Blood glucose level and gastric emptying rate (GER) were determined after the ingestion of 150 g white wheat bread or 150 g whole-meal rye bread on two different occasions after fasting overnight. The GER was measured using real-time ultrasonography, and was calculated as the percentage change in antral cross-sectional area 15 and 90 minutes after completing the meal. Results: No statistically significant difference was found between the GER values or the blood glucose levels following the two meals when evaluated with the Wilcoxon signed rank sum test. Conclusion: The present study revealed no difference in postprandial blood glucose response or gastric emptying after the ingestion of rye whole-meal bread compared with white wheat bread.
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| 10. |
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