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| 2. |
- Destouni, Georgia, et al.
(författare)
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Biogeochemical Transformation Pathways through the Land-water Geosphere
- 2014
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Water on land undergoes and participates in many biogeochemical exchanges and changes. A bits-and-pieces approach to these may miss essential aspects of change propagation and transformation by land-water through different segments of the Earth system. This paper proposes a conceptualization of the entire land-water geosphere as a scale-free catchment-wise organised system (Figure 1), emphasizing four key new system aspects compared to traditional hydrosphere/water cycle view: i) distinction of coastal divergent in addition to traditional convergent catchments; ii) physical and social-ecological system coupling through four main nodal zones/interfaces (surface, subsurface, coastal, observation); iii) flow-transport pathways as system coupling agents; iv) multiple interactions with the anthroposphere as integral system parts. Utilizing this conceptualization, we identify distinct patterns of direct anthropogenic change in large-scale water and waterborne nutrient fluxes, emerging across different parts of the world. In general, its embedment directly in the anthroposphere/technosphere makes land-water a key geosphere for understanding and monitoring human-driven biogeochemical changes. Further progress in system-level understanding of such changes requires studies of land-water as a continuous yet structured geosphere following the proposed spatiotemporal pathways of change propagation-transformation.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Destouni, Georgia, et al.
(författare)
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Hydro-Biogeochemical and Environmental-Management Functions of Wetland Networks in Landscapes
- 2012
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Ingår i: 9th INTECOL International Wetlands Conference, Wetlands in a Complex World. ; , s. 915-
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- A main application goal of ecohydrological science is to amplify opportunities of achieving water quality improvements, biodiversity enhancements and sustainable development, by improved understanding and use of ecosystem properties as a management tool. This paper draws on and synthesizes main result implications for the function and possible enhanced use of wetland networks in the landscape as such a tool, from a series of hydro-biogeochemical and environmental economics studies of nutrient/pollutant loading and abatement in different Swedish hydrological catchments. Results show large potential of wetland networks to reduce the cost of abating nutrient and metal loads within and from hydrological catchments, and emphasize some main research questions for further investigations of actual possibilities to realize this potential. The questions regard in particular the ability of wetland networks to extend the travel times and reduce the uncertainty of hydrological nutrient/pollutant transport through catchments.The paper further presents and discusses some main joint conclusions of the participants in a recently held International Workshop on Ecohydrology and Integrated Water Resource Management (1) at the Navarino Environmental Observatory in Messinia, Greece (2), regarding essential goals for collaborative international efforts in wetland network research. The goals include to investigate on different spatiotemporal scales and in different world regions: a) the dynamics of natural and managed wetland networks across a gradient of different climate, human disturbance, energy and organization conditions; b) the reciprocal interactions between wetland networks and associated hydrological catchments; c) how climate change and different human activities in the wetland network catchments influence these interactions (in b) and generally the ecohydrology of individual wetlands and the whole wetland networks; and d) the ecosystem services provided by networks of wetlands.
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| 5. |
- Destouni, Georgia, et al.
(författare)
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Hydroclimatic shifts driven by human water use for food and energy production
- 2013
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Ingår i: Nature Climate Change. - 1758-678X .- 1758-6798. ; 3:3, s. 213-217
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Hydrological change is a central part of global change(1-3). Its drivers in the past need to be understood and quantified for accurate projection of disruptive future changes(4). Here we analyse past hydro-climatic, agricultural and hydropower changes from twentieth century data for nine major Swedish drainage basins, and synthesize and compare these results with other regional(5-7) and global(2) assessments of hydrological change by irrigation and deforestation. Cross-regional comparison shows similar increases of evapotranspiration by non-irrigated agriculture and hydropower as for irrigated agriculture. In the Swedish basins, non-irrigated agriculture has also increased, whereas hydropower has decreased temporal runoff variability. A global indication of the regional results is a net total increase of evapotranspiration that is larger than a proposed associated planetary boundary(8). This emphasizes the need for climate and Earth system models to account for different human uses of water as anthropogenic drivers of hydro-climatic change. The present study shows how these drivers and their effects can be distinguished and quantified for hydrological basins on different scales and in different world regions. This should encourage further exploration of greater basin variety for better understanding of anthropogenic hydro-climatic change.
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| 6. |
- Hudson, Lawrence N., et al.
(författare)
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The PREDICTS database : a global database of how local terrestrial biodiversity responds to human impacts
- 2014
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Ingår i: Ecology and Evolution. - : Wiley. - 2045-7758. ; 4:24, s. 4701-4735
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Biodiversity continues to decline in the face of increasing anthropogenic pressures such as habitat destruction, exploitation, pollution and introduction of alien species. Existing global databases of species' threat status or population time series are dominated by charismatic species. The collation of datasets with broad taxonomic and biogeographic extents, and that support computation of a range of biodiversity indicators, is necessary to enable better understanding of historical declines and to project - and avert - future declines. We describe and assess a new database of more than 1.6 million samples from 78 countries representing over 28,000 species, collated from existing spatial comparisons of local-scale biodiversity exposed to different intensities and types of anthropogenic pressures, from terrestrial sites around the world. The database contains measurements taken in 208 (of 814) ecoregions, 13 (of 14) biomes, 25 (of 35) biodiversity hotspots and 16 (of 17) megadiverse countries. The database contains more than 1% of the total number of all species described, and more than 1% of the described species within many taxonomic groups - including flowering plants, gymnosperms, birds, mammals, reptiles, amphibians, beetles, lepidopterans and hymenopterans. The dataset, which is still being added to, is therefore already considerably larger and more representative than those used by previous quantitative models of biodiversity trends and responses. The database is being assembled as part of the PREDICTS project (Projecting Responses of Ecological Diversity In Changing Terrestrial Systems - ). We make site-level summary data available alongside this article. The full database will be publicly available in 2015.
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| 7. |
- Jaramillo, Fernando, 1977-, et al.
(författare)
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Developing water change spectra and distinguishingchange drivers worldwide
- 2014
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Ingår i: Geophysical Research Letters. - : American Geophysical Union (AGU). - 0094-8276 .- 1944-8007. ; 41:23, s. 8377-8386
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The separate and combined effects of different drivers of change to water fluxes and resources onland (CWOL) remain difficult to distinguish and largely unknown, particularly at a global scale. Our studyanalyzes CWOL during the period 1901–2008, based on available hydroclimatic data for up to 859 hydrologicalbasins. We develop a worldwide spectrum of change magnitudes and directions in Budyko space, from whichwe distinguish climate and landscape drivers of CWOL. We find that landscape drivers (e.g., changes in landand water use, water storage or water phase) are needed to explain CWOL in at least 74% of the basins studied.The water change effects of such landscape drivers are mostly opposite to those of atmospheric climatechange. The change spectrum approach we developed provides a useful tool for quantifying and visualizingCWOL and for distinguishing the effects of climate and landscape drivers across regions and scales.
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| 8. |
- Jaramillo, Fernando, et al.
(författare)
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Multimethod assessment of evapotranspiration shifts due to non-irrigated agricultural development in Sweden
- 2013
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Ingår i: Journal of Hydrology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0022-1694 .- 1879-2707. ; 484, s. 55-62
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- During the 20th century, Sweden underwent a persistent agricultural development. In this study, we use and combine historical hydroclimatic and agricultural data to investigate how this large scale change of land use, and subsequent intensification of crop production, affected regional hydrology in two adjacent Swedish drainage basins. We find a main increase of evapotranspiration (ET) as cultivated area and/or crop production increased during the period 1901-1940. Thereafter, ET stabilized at a new higher level. Comparison between the data given, water balance constrained ET quantification (ETwb), and a range of different comparative estimates of purely climate driven ET (ETclim) shows that only 31% of the steep 1901-1940 increase of ETwb can be explained by climate change alone. The remaining 69% of this ETwb shift, which occurred in both investigated drainage basins, is instead explainable to large degree by the regional land use conversion from seminatural grasslands to cultivated land and associated enhanced productivity of herbaceous species.
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| 9. |
- Levi, Lea, 1984-, et al.
(författare)
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Hydroclimatic change driven by land-water-use developments:the case oftransboundary Sava River Catchment, South Eastern Europe
- 2013
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Growing human demands for water, food and energy have led to extensive use and modification of world waterbodies, for instance by construction of dams, reservoirs and channels for hydropower purposes. In this studywe use the transboundary Sava River Catchment (SRC) in South Eastern Europe, as field case for investigatinglong-term hydroclimatic changes and their relation to regional hydropower and associated land-water-usedevelopments. We find sustained increase in average annual evapotranspiration, and decrease in average annualrunoff and temporal runoff variability as hydropower production increased in the SRC parts with the greatest suchdevelopments during the 20th century. Purely climate-driven estimates of change in evapotranspiration and runoffcannot capture these changes, which are apparently related to the land and water use changes associated withhydropower development. Direct comparisons with corresponding results from other world regions and globalestimates show consistent cross-regional results, supporting generalization of obtained specific numerical resultsand the used analysis approach on different scales and across different parts of the world.With regard to specific results, the estimated average increase of actual evapotranspiration by hydropowerrelated/reflected land-water-use changes in SRC (sub)catchments with considerable hydropower developmentis 37 mm/year (for their average annual hydropower production of 217 MWh/km2). This result is for instanceconsistent with a corresponding estimate of evapotranspiration increase by Destouni et al (2012) of 57 mm/year(for their investigated Swedish hydropower catchments with average annual hydropower production of 322MWh/km2).The SRC case study, of an area of recent political and social instability with less than ideal conditions regardingenvironmental monitoring, represents a methodological success by showing that, even in such a complicatedpart of the world, relevant data series can be compiled for detecting and recognizing hydro-climatic changes andtheir possible land-water-use drivers. The used catchment-wise methodological approach offers opportunities forimproved assessment of drivers and hydro-climatic changes across different scales, and for further development ofclimate and Earth system models based on this improved knowledge.
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| 10. |
- van der Velde, Ype, et al.
(författare)
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Exploring hydroclimatic change disparity via the Budyko framework
- 2014
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Ingår i: Hydrological Processes. - : Wiley. - 0885-6087 .- 1099-1085. ; 28:13, s. 4110-4118
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Budyko framework characterizes landscape water cycles as a function of climate. We used this framework to identify regions with contrasting hydroclimatic change during the past 50years in Sweden. This analysis revealed three distinct regions: the mountains, the forests, and the areas with agriculture. Each region responded markedly different to recent climate and anthropogenic changes, and within each region, we identified the most sensitive subregions. These results highlight the need for regional differentiation in climate change adaptation strategies to protect vulnerable ecosystems and freshwater resources. Further, the Budyko curve moved systematically towards its water and energy limits, indicating augmentation of the water cycle driven by changing vegetation, climate and human interactions. This finding challenges the steady state assumption of the Budyko curve and therefore its ability to predict future water cycles.
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