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- Klionsky, Daniel J., et al.
(författare)
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Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy in higher eukaryotes
- 2008
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Ingår i: Autophagy. - : Landes Bioscience. - 1554-8627 .- 1554-8635. ; 4:2, s. 151-175
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Research in autophagy continues to accelerate,1 and as a result many new scientists are entering the field. Accordingly, it is important to establish a standard set of criteria for monitoring macroautophagy in different organisms. Recent reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose.2,3 There are many useful and convenient methods that can be used to monitor macroautophagy in yeast, but relatively few in other model systems, and there is much confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure macroautophagy in higher eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers of autophagosomes versus those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway; thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from fully functional autophagy that includes delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of the methods that can be used by investigators who are attempting to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as by reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that investigate these processes. This set of guidelines is not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to verify an autophagic response.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Moon, Soo-Jin, et al.
(författare)
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Highly Efficient Organic Sensitizers for Solid-State Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
- 2009
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Ingår i: The Journal of Physical Chemistry C. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1932-7447 .- 1932-7455. ; 113:38, s. 16816-16820
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Org. sensitizers comprising of donor, electron-conducting, and anchoring groups are designed and developed for dye-sensitized solar cell applications. A solar cell employing 3-(5'-{4-[bis-(4-hexyloxy-phenyl)-amino]-phenyl}-[2,2']bithiophenyl-5-yl)-2-cyano-acrylic acid dye spiro-OMeTAD as a hole-transporting material exhibits a short circuit photocurrent d. of 9.64 mA/cm2, an open-circuit voltage of 798 mV, and a fill factor of 0.57, corresponding to an overall conversion efficiency of 4.4% at std. AM 1.5 sunlight. Photoinduced absorption spectroscopy probes an efficient hole-transfer from dyes to the spiro-OMeTAD.
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| 4. |
- Stewart, Tracy L, et al.
(författare)
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Haplotypes defined by promoter and intron 1 polymorphisms of the COLIA1 gene regulate bone mineral density in women
- 2006
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Ingår i: Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. - : The Endocrine Society. - 1945-7197 .- 0021-972X. ; 91:9, s. 3575-3583
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- CONTEXT: The COLIA1 gene is a strong candidate for susceptibility to osteoporosis. The causal genetic variants are currently unclear, but the most likely are functional polymorphisms in the promoter and intron 1 of COLIA1. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to determine whether promoter and intron 1 polymorphisms of COLIA1 or haplotypes defined by these polymorphisms regulate bone mineral density (BMD) in women. DESIGN: This was a population-based association study involving 3270 women from the United Kingdom who took part in a regional osteoporosis screening program. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: BMD at the lumbar spine (LS-BMD) and femoral neck (FN-BMD) was measured on two occasions approximately 6 yr apart, in relation to polymorphisms and haplotypes defined by polymorphisms within the COLIA1 intron 1 (+1245G/T; rs1800012) and promoter (-1997G/T; rs1107946; -1663IndelT; rs2412298). RESULTS: The polymorphisms were in strong linkage disequilibrium, and three haplotypes accounted for more than 95% of alleles at the COLIA1 locus. The individual polymorphisms were associated with BMD, but the most consistent associations were with haplotypes defined by all three polymorphisms. Homozygote carriers of haplotype 2 (-1997G/-1663delT/+1245T) had reduced BMD at baseline (P = 0.007 for LS-BMD; P = 0.008 for FN-BMD), whereas homozygotes for haplotype 3 (-1997T/-1663insT/+1245G) had increased BMD (P = 0.007 for LS-BMD). Similar associations were observed at follow-up for haplotype 3, but the association with haplotype 2 was weaker due to increased uptake of hormone replacement therapy in homozygotes for this haplotype. CONCLUSIONS: Two haplotypes defined by polymorphisms in the 5' flank of the COLIA1 regulate BMD in a bidirectional manner in women.
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