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| 2. |
- Clark, DW, et al.
(författare)
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Associations of autozygosity with a broad range of human phenotypes
- 2019
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Ingår i: Nature communications. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2041-1723. ; 10:1, s. 4957-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In many species, the offspring of related parents suffer reduced reproductive success, a phenomenon known as inbreeding depression. In humans, the importance of this effect has remained unclear, partly because reproduction between close relatives is both rare and frequently associated with confounding social factors. Here, using genomic inbreeding coefficients (FROH) for >1.4 million individuals, we show that FROH is significantly associated (p < 0.0005) with apparently deleterious changes in 32 out of 100 traits analysed. These changes are associated with runs of homozygosity (ROH), but not with common variant homozygosity, suggesting that genetic variants associated with inbreeding depression are predominantly rare. The effect on fertility is striking: FROH equivalent to the offspring of first cousins is associated with a 55% decrease [95% CI 44–66%] in the odds of having children. Finally, the effects of FROH are confirmed within full-sibling pairs, where the variation in FROH is independent of all environmental confounding.
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| 3. |
- Johansson, Jan, 1949-, et al.
(författare)
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Occupational safety in the construction industry
- 2019
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Ingår i: Work. - : IOS Press. - 1051-9815 .- 1875-9270. ; 64:1, s. 21-32
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUNDThe paper is a research review focusing on occupational safety in the construction industry.OBJECTIVEThe purpose is to present research that highlights the areas of occupational safety and risks and to identify areas where research is lacking.METHODS326 articles from scientific journals, mainly covering the construction industry in Europe, Canada, USA, Australia and Japan have been studied. The findings are presented under 11 categories: accident statistics; individual factors; legislation and regulations; ethical considerations; risk management; leadership, management, organization; competence; safety design; cost-benefit calculations; programs and models; and technical solutions.RESULTSThe research is dominated by initiatives from researchers and government authorities, while the construction industry only appears as the object for the research. There is a scarcity of research on integrated systems encompassing subcontractors, as well as a lack of research with sociological perspectives on accidents. Furthermore, only a few studies have applied a gender perspective on safety in construction, i.e. there is a need of further research in this particular area.CONCLUSIONSA range of initiatives have been taken to increase safety in the construction industry and the initiatives are mainly reported to be successful. There are some cultural differences, but basically researchers present similar results regardless of country.
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| 4. |
- Jonsson, Peter, et al.
(författare)
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Geofysiker, drönare och geologer ger tillsammans en bättre bild av berget
- 2019
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Ingår i: Bygg & teknik. - 0281-658X. ; :1/19, s. 52-55
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Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Teknisk geologi vid Lunds tekniska högskola har i ett nyligen slutfört projekt, finansierat av Stiftelsen Bergteknisk Forskning (BeFo), undersökt om geofysiska mätningar med DCIP (kombinerade resistivitets- och IP-mätningar) kan ge bättre information om bergmassan i samband med planeringen av tunnlar och andra bergarbeten samt berguttag i bergtäkter. Resultaten bekräftar att DCIP i den undersökta miljön kan användas för att indikera lervittrade zoner, svaghetsstrukturer och uppkrossade zoner. Detta visar på att det går att underlätta och förbättra prognosarbetet, genom att ännu en möjlighet ges att bedöma bergmassans kvalitet innan byggfasen inleds.
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| 5. |
- Jonsson, Peter, et al.
(författare)
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Tredimensionell bergundersökning med geoelektriska och geologiska metoder
- 2019
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The aim of this project is to enhance the understanding of how geoelectrical investigations in a heterogeneous rock mass can image geological structures in order to develop and adapt future rock assessment methods.A "good" rock quality forecast provides better opportunities for reduced risk level in the design and procurement phases of a construction project. Conversely, uncertainties in a forecast, in terms of rock quality, can entail large costs. The additional information obtained using non-destructive surveys will is therefore of large interest in this context. It has repeatedly (e.g. in connection with the construction of the Hallandsås tunnel) been shown that variations in, for example, the electrical properties, can be linked to factors such as fracture zones, clay weathering or the presence of certain mineral types in the rock mass. .The basic idea is to perform a three-dimensional measurement with simultaneous determination of DC resistivity and induced polarization, (DCIP), in a rock volume in a quarry. The examined rock volume is then removed by bench blasting as part of the normal quarry activities. The vertical benches that occur after each blast are documented with photogrammetric methods, geological sampling and by detailed studies with a sweep electron microscope (SEM). Furthermore, photographic methods such as panoramic photography and 3D computer models created with the help of unmanned aerial vehicles, drones, have been used.The result is another three-dimensional model, with detailed geological information. This creates an opportunity to compare results and interpretations from the geoelectrical methods with geological information throughout the examined volume. For example, the three-dimensional distribution of fracture zones or dolerite dikes can be identified in the geological model and compared to the geophysical.The measuring object in the project was a quarry in Dalby, 10 km East of Lund, Sweden and operated by Sydsten. The site is well investigated from both geological and geophysical viewpoints. The rock consists mainly of three different types: Granitic gneiss, dolerite and amphibolite, but smaller units of other rocks occur. The structures are complex with folding and formation of lenses, mainly in the amphibolite. Due to large-scale tectonic processes, the rock has been subjected to extensive deformation on several occasions. Brecciated and crushed zones occur as well as clay alteration zones.The geophysical method used in the project is resistivity measurement with simultaneous measurement of induced polarization, DCIP. The resistivity method is based on the basic assumption that properties in the ground such as porosity, the actual rock matrix and the conductivity of the pore fluid are reflected in changes in the conductivity. The IP effects rely heavily on the internal composition of the geo-materials, filling in the pores, and structures in micro-scale and upwards.The report initially describes the background and purpose, then the measurements and methodologies in the sections 2 and 3. In section 4 the collected measurement results and input data are described, including recommendations and experiences for panorama- and UAV photography, as well as the results of the geological mapping (visual inspection and SEM) and the geophysics.One of the main objectives of project was to investigate how well geoelectrical measurements in a heterogeneous bedrock can depict geological structures. The ability to document the rock mass in the Dalby Quarry has given an opportunity to compare geological reality with results from DCIP measurements.A comparison in section 5 between the geological and geophysical measurements confirms that the DCIP in the test environment can be used to indicate clay weathering zones, weakness zones and crushed rock. This can be used to distinguish rock mass with zones of clay weathering with potentially high fine material content from other rock, providing an opportunity to assess the quality before the fragmentation of the rock.Further, it is noted that the ability to depict geological structures depends on the design of the geophysical investigation, the inversion process, and the obtained data quality. The data quality can to some extent be affected at the time of measurement, i.e. already during the planning of the assessment, while other factors cannot be affected using available measurement methodology.One example is that dipping geological structures do not show up as clearly as vertical in the geophysical results. The reason for this is unclear. One explanation may be that the petrophysical contrast between, for example, gneiss and amphibolite is too small to be detected by geoelectrical methods, another that the numerical inversion process has difficulties representing these structures correctly.It is also clear that visual geological attributes are not fully sufficient to explain all anomalies appearing in the geophysical model, in particular regarding the IP results. More detailed studies aimed at quantifying these complex effects are needed to understand these complex phenomena. The resistivity anomalies are better explained by the visual observations made. This is because resistivity to a greater extent depends on the composition of the rock mass and macro structures such as fractures, but also here a need to quantify and study correlations in laboratory scale exists.The spatial resolution can be improved by modifying the measurement procedure. One way forward is to install electrodes in a borehole, in addition to the surface electrodes used today. This implies practical difficulties but has a great development potential for the future. Although modern instruments have been used in the project, instruments can be developed towards even more effective measurements, for example by using more channels for the potential measure-ment, dynamic measurement protocols, and adaptive current transmission that adjusts the measurement to the actual conditions on the site.
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| 6. |
- Karyotaki, Eirini, et al.
(författare)
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Do guided internet-based interventions result in clinically relevant changes for patients with depression? : An individual participant data meta-analysis
- 2018
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Ingår i: Clinical Psychology Review. - : Elsevier. - 0272-7358 .- 1873-7811. ; 63, s. 80-92
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Little is known about clinically relevant changes in guided Internet-based interventions for depression. Moreover, methodological and power limitations preclude the identification of patients' groups that may benefit more from these interventions. This study aimed to investigate response rates, remission rates, and their moderators in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing the effect of guided Internet-based interventions for adult depression to control groups using an individual patient data meta-analysis approach. Literature searches in PubMed, Embase, PsycINFO and Cochrane Library resulted in 13,384 abstracts from database inception to January 1, 2016. Twenty-four RCTs (4889 participants) comparing a guided Internet-based intervention with a control group contributed data to the analysis. Missing data were multiply imputed. To examine treatment outcome on response and remission, mixed-effects models with participants nested within studies were used. Response and remission rates were calculated using the Reliable Change Index. The intervention group obtained significantly higher response rates (OR = 2.49, 95% CI 2.17-2.85) and remission rates compared to controls (OR = 2.41, 95% CI 2.07-2.79). The moderator analysis indicated that older participants (OR = 1.01) and native-born participants (1.66) were more likely to respond to treatment compared to younger participants and ethnic minorities respectively. Age (OR = 1.01) and ethnicity (1.73) also moderated the effects of treatment on remission.Moreover, adults with more severe depressive symptoms at baseline were more likely to remit after receiving intemet-based treatment (OR = 1.19). Guided Internet-based interventions lead to substantial positive treatment effects on treatment response and remission at post-treatment. Thus, such interventions may complement existing services for depression and potentially reduce the gap between the need and provision of evidence-based treatments.
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| 7. |
- Olsson, Per-Ivar, et al.
(författare)
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BeFo 382 - Detailed Comparison Study of 3D-characterized Rock Mass and Geophysical Models
- 2017
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Ingår i: Near Surface Geoscience 2017 - 23rd European Meeting of Environmental and Engineering Geophysics. - Netherlands : EAGE Publications BV.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper presents a study where resistivity and integral chargeability three-dimensional (3D) models, representing a volume in the vicinity of a rock quarry is compared to a quasi-3D characterization of rock mass volume. By repeating geological mapping, i.e. with unmanned aerial vehicles, ground based high resolution photography and sampling, as the quarry operation reaches further into the rock volume mapped with geophysics, we retrieve a semi-continuous geological characterization of the same rock mass volume characterized by the geophysical investigations. This enables a detailed comparison between geophysical results and rock volume, where factors such as fracture and weathering zones or rock type is being considered.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Svahn, Sara L, et al.
(författare)
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Six Tissue Transcriptomics Reveals Specific Immune Suppression in Spleen by Dietary Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
- 2016
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Ingår i: PLoS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 11:5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are suggested to modulate immune function, but the effects of dietary fatty acids composition on gene expression patterns in immune organs have not been fully characterized. In the current study we investigated how dietary fatty acids composition affects the total transcriptome profile, and especially, immune related genes in two immune organs, spleen (SPL) and bone marrow cells (BMC). Four tissues with metabolic function, skeletal muscle (SKM), white adipose tissue (WAT), brown adipose tissue (BAT), and liver (LIV), were investigated as a comparison. Following 8 weeks on low fat diet (LFD), high fat diet (HFD) rich in saturated fatty acids (HFD-S), or HFD rich in PUFA (HFD-P), tissue transcriptomics were analyzed by microarray and metabolic health assessed by fasting blood glucose level, HOMA-IR index, oral glucose tolerance test as well as quantification of crown-like structures in WAT. HFD-P corrected the metabolic phenotype induced by HFD-S. Interestingly, SKM and BMC were relatively inert to the diets, whereas the two adipose tissues (WAT and BAT) were mainly affected by HFD per se (both HFD-S and HFD-P). In particular, WAT gene expression was driven closer to that of the immune organs SPL and BMC by HFDs. The LIV exhibited different responses to both of the HFDs. Surprisingly, the spleen showed a major response to HFD-P (82 genes differed from LFD, mostly immune genes), while it was not affected at all by HFD-S (0 genes differed from LFD). In conclusion, the quantity and composition of dietary fatty acids affected the transcriptome in distinct manners in different organs. Remarkably, dietary PUFA, but not saturated fat, prompted a specific regulation of immune related genes in the spleen, opening the possibility that PUFA can regulate immune function by influencing gene expression in this organ.
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