| 1. |
- Helgesson, Magnus, 1974-, et al.
(författare)
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Sustainable Earnings among Immigrants, and the Role of Health Status for Self-Sufficiency : A 10-Year Follow-Up Study of Labour Immigrants and Refugees to Sweden 2000–2006
- 2023
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Ingår i: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. - : MDPI. - 1661-7827 .- 1660-4601. ; 20:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study aimed to investigate economic self-sufficiency for immigrants, and how health status affected self-sufficiency. The proportion of self-sufficiency during years 1–10 after receiving a residence permit is presented for all non-European labour immigrants (n = 1259) and refugees (n = 23,859), aged 18–54, who immigrated to Sweden 2000–2006, and compared to a control group of Swedish-born (n = 144,745). The risk of not being self-sufficient in year 10 was analysed with Cox regression models, and the results are presented as hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Moreover, the impact on the self-sufficiency of having a diagnosis from specialised health care during the first five years in Sweden was analysed. The results showed that half of the refugees and three-quarters of the labour immigrants were self-sufficient 10 years after residency. The adjusted risk of not being self-sufficient at year 10 was 80% higher among labour immigrants (HR = 1.8; CI = 1.6–2.0) and more than two-fold among refugees (HR = 2.7; CI = 2.6–2.8) compared to the Swedish-born. Having a diagnosis from specialised health care during the first five years in Sweden had an impact on self-sufficiency in all groups; however, the impact of having a diagnosis did not differ between refugees and Swedish-born. Measures must be taken to increase immigrants’ work participation.
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| 2. |
- Börjesson, Maria, 1974-, et al.
(författare)
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The economics of electric roads
- 2021
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Ingår i: Transportation Research Part C. - : Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd. - 0968-090X .- 1879-2359. ; 125
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper we present a method for evaluating social benefits of electric roads and apply it to the Swedish highway network. Together with estimated investments costs this can be used to produce a cost benefit analysis. An electric road is characterized by high economies of scale (high investment cost and low marginal cost) and considerable economies of scope (the benefit per kilometre electric road depends on the size of the network), implying that the market will produce a smaller network of electric roads, or charge higher prices for its use, than what is welfare optimal. For this reason, it is relevant for governments to consider investing in electric roads, making the cost-benefit analysis a key decision support. We model the behaviour of the carriers using the Swedish national freight model system, SAMGODS, determining the optimal shipment sizes and optimal transport chains, including mode and vehicle type. We find that if the user charge is set as to optimize social welfare, the revenue will not fully cover the investment cost of the electric road. If they are instead set to optimize profit, we find that the revenue will cover the costs if the electric road network is large enough. Electric roads appear to provide a cost-effective means to significantly reduce carbon emissions from heavy trucks. In a scenario where the expansion connects the three biggest cities in Sweden, emissions will be cut by one-third of the overall emissions from heavy trucks in Sweden. The main argument against a commitment to electric roads is that investment and maintenance costs are uncertain and that, in the long run, battery development or hydrogen fuel cells can reduce the benefit of such roads.
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| 3. |
- Chari, Arpita, et al.
(författare)
-
Sustainability in Produktion2030 : Sustainability and circular economy actions within the project portfolio of the Produktion2030 strategic innovation programme
- 2021
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Global manufacturing industry is undergoing tremendous transformation towards increased sustainability. This vital, industrial sector is rapidly enhancing its capability for resource efficient, circular, and climate neutral processes and business models. Industry is also rapidly recognizing sustainability and resilience measures as competitive advantages and unique selling points. Companies are being both nudged and forced into sustainable, resource-efficient businesses to comply with new demands and regulations from for example the European Commission’s Green Deal and global policy like the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).Customer needs as well as government policies and regulations are enforced through e.g. economic bonus and penalty systems, accelerating transformation. This change process is complex, requiring new knowledge and innovation. Therefore, Industrial sustainability is at the core of Produktion2030, the national Swedish Strategic Innovation Programme for manufacturing industry.The vision of Produktion2030 is to enable a competitive and sustainable Swedish manufacturing industry. Produktion2030 is putting strong efforts into acceleration of the green transformation, creating crossdisciplinary and multi-stakeholder collaboration, increasing national innovation capacity and agility, and driving competence development as well as workforce upskilling. In 2020, the Produktion2030 Programme Office and Supervisory Group commissioned a study to map sustainability achievements within the programme's total product portfolio.A national group of sustainability experts from Chalmers University of Technology, Linköping University, Royal Institute of Technology, and the institute RISE were invited to analyse all past and present Produktion2030 projects, from sustainability and circular economy perspectives.This report presents the results from the study, highlighting a selection of contributions to industrial sustainability achieved by Produktion2030 during the programme’s first six years. Data for the study was gathered during the spring of 2020. Representatives from all ongoing and finalised projects within the Produktion2030 programme were invited to an online survey. The objective was to investigate specific project impacts in terms of sustainability and implementation of a circular economy.Results showed that all Produktion2030 projects had applied at least one dimension of sustainability, economic. Further, 71% of the projects also covered the environmental dimension. Several projects applied sustainability trade-offs, where an improvement within one sustainability dimension affected other dimensions negatively. The UN Sustainable Development Goals #8, #9 and #12, were considered most relevant by the projects. Implementation or inclusion of circular economy was also common (45%) among the projects. Projects adapted circular economy concepts differently, according to their self-defined project scope and system boundaries. Finally, 65 % of the projects implemented Industry 4.0 concepts and digital solutions, to increase and accelerate the sustainability impact. In conclusion, the study of sustainability efforts within the complete portfolio of Produktion2030 projects by 2020 showed that the programme is strongly contributing to the transformation of manufacturing industry in Sweden towards sustainability.Produktion2030 has a deep, strategic commitment to address the challenges of the UN Sustainable Development Goals. This study shows that Produktion2030 also has an excellent transformational capability to deliver research, innovation, and education results that influences sustainability factors. The results strongly support the manufacturing community in Sweden, allowing industry, academia, and institutes to act towards a more sustainable, resilient, and circular society.
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| 4. |
- Chari, Arpita, 1986, et al.
(författare)
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Swedish manufacturing practices towards a sustainability transition in industry 4.0 : A resilience perspective
- 2021
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the ASME 2021 16th International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference, MSEC 2021. - : American Society of Mechanical Engineers. - 9780791885062 ; 1
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Swedish strategic innovation programme, Produktion2030, is a national long-term effort towards global industrial competitiveness addressing Swedish industry’s transition towards climate goals of the European Green Deal while simultaneously realising smart manufacturing and Industry 4.0 (I4.0). This paper investigated the extent of sustainability implementation and implications of I4.0 technologies through a nation-wide quantitative survey in Produktion2030’s 113 collaborative research projects. The analysis showed that 71% of the assessed projects included environmental aspects, 60% social aspects, and 45% Circular Economy (CE) aspects. Further, 65% of the projects implemented I4.0 technologies to increase overall sustainability. The survey results were compared with literature to understand how I4.0 opportunities helped derive sustainability and CE benefits. This detailed mapping of the results along with eight semi-structured interviews revealed that a majority of the projects implemented I4.0 technologies to improve resource efficiency, reduce waste in operations and incorporate CE practices in business models. The results also showed that Swedish manufacturing is progressing in the right direction of sustainability transition by deriving key resilience capabilities from I4.0-based enablers. Industries should actively adopt these capabilities to address the increasingly challenging and unpredictable sustainability issues arising in the world and for a successful transition towards sustainable manufacturing in a digital future.
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| 5. |
- Envall, Ida, et al.
(författare)
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Existing evidence related to soil retention of phosphorus from on-site wastewater treatment systems in boreal and temperate climate zones : a systematic map
- 2023
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Ingår i: Environmental Evidence. - : Springer Nature. - 2047-2382. ; 12:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: In Sweden there are nearly one million soil-based on-site wastewater treatment systems (OWTSs). OWTSs may contribute to eutrophication of surface waters, due to the discharge of phosphorus (P). Hence, in certain cases, a high P removal rate (up to 90%) of OWTSs is required by Swedish authorities. Since these requirements may have costly consequences to property owners, it is debated whether they are too strict. In this debate, it is often claimed that the soil retention of P occurring in the natural environments may be underestimated by authorities. Soil retention is the inhibition of the transport of P through the ground, due to different chemical, physical and biological processes occurring there. These processes make the P transport slower, which may reduce the unwanted impact on receiving water bodies. However, the efficiency of soil retention of P remains unclear. The objective of this systematic map was to collect, code, organise and elucidate the relevant evidence related to the topic, to be able to guide stakeholders through the evidence base, and to support future research synthesising, commissioning, and funding. The systematic map was carried out in response to needs declared by the Swedish Agency for Marine and Water Management but the conclusions should be valid for a wider range of countries across boreo-temperate regions.Methods: Searches were made for peer-reviewed and grey literature using bibliographic databases, search engines, specialist websites, and stakeholder contacts. The references were screened for relevance according to a predefined set of eligibility criteria. A detailed database of the relevant studies was compiled. Data and metadata that enable evaluation and discussion of the character and quality of the evidence base were extracted and coded. Special focus was placed on assessing if existing evidence could contribute to policy and practice decision making. Descriptive information about the evidence base was presented in tables and figures. An interactive evidence atlas and a choropleth were created, displaying the locations of all studies.Review findings: 234 articles out of 10,797 screened records fulfilled the eligibility criteria. These articles contain 256 studies, performed in the field or in the laboratory. Six different study types were identified, based on where the measurements were conducted. Most studies, including laboratory studies, lack replicates. Most field studies are observational case studies.Conclusions: It is not possible to derive valid generic measures of the efficiency of soil retention of P occurring in the natural soil environment from available research. Neither does the evidence base allow for answering the question of the magnitude of the potential impact of OWTSs on the P concentration in recipients on a general basis, or under what conditions OWTSs generally have such an impact. A compilation of groundwater studies may provide examples of how far the P may reach in x years, but the number of groundwater studies is insufficient to draw any general conclusions, given the complexity and variability of the systems. Future research should strive for replicated study designs, more elaborate reporting, and the establishment of a reporting standard.
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| 6. |
- Envall, Ida, et al.
(författare)
-
What evidence exists related to soil retention of phosphorus from on-site wastewater treatment systems in boreal and temperate climate zones? : A systematic map protocol
- 2020
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Ingår i: Environmental Evidence. - : BMC. - 2047-2382. ; 9:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background Soil-based on-site wastewater treatment systems (OWSs) are suspected to contribute to eutrophication of surface waters, due to the discharge of phosphorus (P). However, along the flow path between the facilities and surface waters, different processes contribute to delay the transport of phosphorus through the ground. This may reduce the unwanted impact on receiving water bodies. However, the strength and significance of this so-called soil retention remains unclear. In Sweden, there are nearly one million OWSs. To protect surface waters, a high P removal rate (up to 90%) is often required by the local municipalities. However, since these requirements may have costly consequences to property owners, it is debated as to whether they are too strict. In this debate, it is often claimed that the retention of P occurring in natural environments may be underestimated by authorities. Accordingly, there is a need for a scrutiny of the available evidence related to soil retention of phosphorus from OWSs. This is the objective of the planned systematic map. Focus will be on boreal and temperate climate zones. Methods Searches will be made for peer-reviewed articles and grey literature using bibliographic databases, search engines, specialist websites and stakeholder contacts. The references will be screened for relevance according to a predefined set of eligibility criteria. At stage one, after testing and clarifying the eligibility criteria, the references will be single-screened based on title and abstract. At stage two, potentially relevant references will be screened in full-text independently by two reviewers. We will compile a detailed database of the relevant studies. Moreover, a narrative report will be produced, describing the research landscape in general terms. This will be carried out with a conceptual model, describing the processes involved in P retention in natural environments, as a foundation. It will be discussed where the respective studies/study types fit into the conceptual model, and also evaluated how each study/study type can be related to the overarching question of eutrophication. Moreover, we will describe identified knowledge gaps that warrant further primary research effort, as well as identified knowledge clusters that could be suitable for systematic reviews.
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| 7. |
- Harvey, N. C., et al.
(författare)
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Greater pQCT Calf Muscle Density Is Associated with Lower Fracture Risk, Independent of FRAX, Falls and BMD: A Meta-Analysis in the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) Study
- 2022
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Ingår i: JBMR Plus. - : Wiley. - 2473-4039. ; 6:12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We investigated the predictive performance of peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) measures of both calf muscle density (an established surrogate for muscle adiposity, with higher values indicating lower muscle adiposity and higher muscle quality) and size (cross-sectional area [CSA]) for incident fracture. pQCT (Stratec XCT2000/3000) measurements at the tibia were undertaken in Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) United States (US), Hong Kong (HK), and Swedish (SW) cohorts. Analyses were by cohort and synthesized by meta-analysis. The predictive value for incident fracture outcomes, illustrated here for hip fracture (HF), using an extension of Poisson regression adjusted for age and follow-up time, was expressed as hazard ratio (HR) per standard deviation (SD) increase in exposure (HR/SD). Further analyses adjusted for femoral neck (fn) bone mineral density (BMD) T-score, Fracture Risk Assessment Tool (FRAX) 10-year fracture probability (major osteoporotic fracture) and prior falls. We studied 991 (US), 1662 (HK), and 1521 (SW) men, mean +/- SD age 77.0 +/- 5.1, 73.9 +/- 4.9, 80 +/- 3.4 years, followed for a mean +/- SD 7.8 +/- 2.2, 8.1 +/- 2.3, 5.3 +/- 2.0 years, with 31, 47, and 78 incident HFs, respectively. Both greater muscle CSA and greater muscle density were associated with a lower risk of incident HF [HR/SD: 0.84; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.72-1.0 and 0.78; 95% CI, 0.66-0.91, respectively]. The pattern of associations was not materially changed by adjustment for prior falls or FRAX probability. In contrast, after inclusion of fn BMD T-score, the association for muscle CSA was no longer apparent (1.04; 95% CI, 0.88-1.24), whereas that for muscle density was not materially changed (0.69; 95% CI, 0.59-0.82). Findings were similar for osteoporotic fractures. pQCT measures of greater calf muscle density and CSA were both associated with lower incidence of fractures in older men, but only muscle density remained an independent risk factor for fracture after accounting for fn BMD. These findings demonstrate a complex interplay between measures of bone, muscle size, and quality, in determining fracture risk. (C) 2022 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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| 8. |
- Jussila Hammes, Johanna, 1974-, et al.
(författare)
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A cost-benefit analysis of all-electric flight : how to do a CBA for a non-existing technology?
- 2023
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Increasing climate ambitions mean that emissions of greenhouse gases, even from the aviation sector, must fall. The purpose of this study has been to contribute to this development by doing a benefit-cost analysis of all-electric aviation (AEA). We define AEA as battery-driven aviation without a combustion engine or fuel cell on board. Since the technology only exists in very small scale today, much of the work has been to find guestimates of the costs. However, we have been able to build on very good data on all take-offs and landings in Sweden year 2019. On the other hand, the data we have had on ticket prices is very poor. Based on the available data, we have estimated supply and demand functions for conventional flight in 2019. These estimates have been used to calculate the producer and consumer surpluses from flight, both in 2019, in the business-as-usual using sustainable aviation fuels (SAFs), and for AEAs, the latter two in 2030, 2040, and 2050, respectively. The results indicate that at least from 2040 onwards, with the introduction of larger aircraft with the capacity of up to 100 passengers and a range of 650 km, AEAs will be commercially viable on many, if not all routes studied. AEAs seem to have a higher producer surplus than conventional, SAF-driven aircraft. Since AEAs, at least in 2030 and 2040 are slower than conventional aircraft, the consumer surplus falls given fixed ticket prices. We also calculate the benefits from reduced high-altitude effects, which gives a measure of the societal benefits from AEA and thus an indication of how much public funds that could be invested in airport infrastructure for AEAs. We recommend that investments for AEA infrastructure start from a few airports and are expanded over time. The only further policy we recommend is R&D subsidies for AEA and battery technology development. No other policy instruments seem to be necessary to get AEAs to fly.
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| 9. |
- Jussila Hammes, Johanna, 1974-, et al.
(författare)
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En kostnads-nyttoanalys för elflyg i Sverige år 2030, 2040 och 2050
- 2024
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Ingår i: Sammanställning av referat från Transportforum 2024. - Linköping : Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut. ; , s. 443-444
-
Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- EU:s ReFuelEU Aviation-paket innehåller ett stort antal förslag som kommer att öka det konventionella flygets kostnader avsevärt. Ett möjligt sätt för flygbolag att navigera i denna ändrade miljö skulle kunna vara att gå över till helelektriskt flyg på de rutter där detta är möjligt. För att bidra till elektrifiering av flyg har vi gjort en kostnads-nyttoanalys av elflygets möjligheter till och från svenska flygplatser, med nedslag för åren 2030, 2040 och 2050. Vår bedömning är att om elflygstekniken utvecklas såsom förutspås i litteraturen kommer rutter upp till 400 km med 19 passagerare ombord vara möjliga till 2030, 650 km med 100 passagerare år 2040 och ca 900 km med 180 passagerare 2050. Vi har skattat ett system med simultanekvationer för utbud och efterfrågan för flyg upp till ca 1 000 km. Vi tar en integral under de skattade utbuds- och efterfrågefunktioner mellan minimi- och maximumintäkt per producerad flygsäte för utbudsfunktionen och minimi- och maximumbiljettpris för efterfrågefunktionen för att beräkna producent- och konsumentöverskott. I business-as-usual scenariot justerar vi jetbränslepriset för respektive år. För helelektriskt flyg ändrar vi värdet på flera variabler för att se hur överskotten ändras. En jämförelse mellan business-as-usual och elflyg vid de tre givna åren anger den samhällsekonomiska nyttan eller förlusten vid introduktionen av helelektriskt flyg jämfört med konventionellt flyg. Våra resultat visar att jetbränslepriserna kommer att öka markant när flygbolagen måste använda bränsle med ökad inblandning av biojet och förnybara bränslen av icke-biologiskt ursprung. Av denna anledning blir elflyg lönsamt för flygbolagen jämfört med konventionellt flyg. Konsumenterna förlorar dock med introduktionen av det långsammare elflyget eftersom restiden ökar. Det totala överskottet (producent + konsumentöverskott) blir dock högre för elflyg än för konventionellt flyg. Resultaten är robusta för stora förändringar i elpriset, motorunderhållskostnader och kapitalkostnader. Vidare visar vi att besparingen av växthusgaser från introduktionen av elflyg inte blir särskilt höga. Den externa effekten från växthusgasutsläpp på låg höjd är redan internaliserad eftersom flyget ingår i EU:s utsläppsrättshandelssystem. Höghöjdseffekten i sin tur är inte stor eftersom elflyg handlar om relativt korta flygsträckor.
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| 10. |
- Karlsson, Johan, 1990-
(författare)
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Essays on Family Firms and Firm Growth Barriers
- 2020
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis concerns the implications of family ownership and perceived growth barriers for firm decision-making and performance. The first article examines the inclusion of family business in economics doctoral programs in the United States and Sweden, as well as the views of professors and textbook authors and research on family business. It is found that family business is not included in the examined curricula. Furthermore, professors and authors do not publish research on family business and generally do not see a need to incorporate it into economic theory. The article concludes by discussing the causes of this omission, as well as strategies to overcome them in order to further our understanding of economic action. The second article presents a novel strategy for identifying domiciled family firms using total population data. By applying this strategy to Swedish data, family firms are found to contribute to one-third of Swedish employment and gross domestic product, and a significant share of Sweden’s largest firms are family-owned. In general, family firms are found to be smaller than their non-family equivalents, although they are more profitable. Meanwhile, differences between family firms and nonfamily firms are found to diminish with firm size. The third article examines whether family firms have a comparative employment growth advantage over nonfamily firms in regions with relatively low population density. As a group, family firms are found to be the main source of job creation in rural regions, largely as a result of their large numbers. Nevertheless, the average family firm is found to grow more slowly than the average non-family firm. Meanwhile, in line with the study’s conjecture, this difference is found to decrease across the urban-rural context, i.e., across metropolitan, urban and rural regions. The fourth paper examines the representation of women in top management teams1 in family firms and non-family firms. Moreover, the share of women in a firm’s top management team is found to be positively associated with the additional appointment of female managers. Lastly, kinship bonds between the owning families and prospective managers are found to be positively associated with the appointment of women on top management teams. The fifth paper aims to capture the relationship between perceived growth barriers and firm size, which is achieved by developing a novel data-driven strategy for identifying firm size groups. It is found that smaller firms typically face accessibility constraints on equity financing, whereas larger firms generally face barriers related to competition and accessibility to qualified staff. These results are benchmarked against those using prevailing strategies for measuring firm size, whereby it is suggested that there may be a need for methodological rethinking in the field regarding its treatment of firm size.
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