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| 2. |
- Allwood, Carl Martin, et al.
(författare)
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Actor-Observer differences in realism in confidence and frequency judgments
- 2004
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Ingår i: Acta Psychologica. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-6297 .- 0001-6918. ; 117:3, s. 251-274
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Taking a social psychological approach to metacognitive judgments, this study analyzed the difference in realism (validity) in confidence and frequency judgments (i.e., estimates of overall accuracy) between one's own and another person's answers to general knowledge questions. Experiment 1 showed that when judging their own answers, compared with another's answers, the participants exhibited higher overconfidence, better ability to discriminate correct from incorrect answers, lower accuracy, and lower confidence. However, the overconfidence effect could be attributable to the lowest level of confidence. Furthermore, when heeding additional information about another's answers the participants showed higher confidence and better discrimination ability. The overconfidence effect of Experiment I was not found in Experiment 2. However, the results of Experiment 2 were consistent with Experiment 1 in terms of discrimination ability, confidence, and accuracy. Finally, in both experiments the participants gave lower frequency judgments of their own overall accuracy compared with their frequency judgments of another person's overall accuracy. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 3. |
- Allwood, Carl Martin, et al.
(författare)
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Actor-Observer differences in realism in confidence and frequency judgments
- 2004
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Ingår i: Acta Psychologica. - : Elsevier. - 0001-6918 .- 1873-6297. ; 117:3, s. 251-274
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Taking a social psychological approach to metacognitive judgments, this study analyzed the difference in realism (validity) in confidence and frequency judgments (i.e., estimates of overall accuracy) between one’s own and another person’s answers to general knowledge questions. Experiment 1 showed that when judging their own answers, compared with another’s answers, the participants exhibited higher overconfidence, better ability to discriminate correct from incorrect answers, lower accuracy, and lower confidence. However, the overconfidence effect could be attributable to the lowest level of confidence. Furthermore, when heeding additional information about another’s answers the participants showed higher confidence and better discrimination ability. The overconfidence effect of Experiment 1 was not found in Experiment 2. However, the results of Experiment 2 were consistent with Experiment 1 in terms of discrimination ability, confidence, and accuracy. Finally, in both experiments the participants gave lower frequency judgments of their own overall accuracy compared with their frequency judgments of another person’s overall accuracy.
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| 4. |
- Allwood, Carl Martin, et al.
(författare)
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Increased realism in eyewitness confidence judgements: The effect of dyadic collaboration
- 2003
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Ingår i: Applied Cognitive Psychology. - : Wiley. - 0888-4080 .- 1099-0720. ; 17:5, s. 545-561
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study investigated to what extent, and under what circumstances, pair collaboration influences the realism in eyewitness confidence in event memory. The participants first saw a short film clip and then confidence rated their answers to questions on its content. A condition (the Individual-Pair condition) where individual effort preceded pair collaboration showed better calibration compared with a condition (the Simple Pair condition) where no individual effort took place. Furthermore, within the Individual-Pair condition, better calibration, and lower overconfidence, were found in the pair phase compared with the individual phase. The eyewitnesses in the Individual-Pair condition made more realistic judgements of the total number of questions answered correctly. In a control experiment no effect on realism in confidence was found when individuals performed the same task twice. The improved realism in the Individual-Pair condition may partly be explained in terms of the increased accuracy and lowered confidence found for such items where the pair members' had given different answers in the individual phase, and by a risky shift effect for such items where they had given the same answer. Copyright (C) 2003 John Wiley Sons, Ltd.
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| 5. |
- Allwood, Carl Martin, et al.
(författare)
-
Increased realism in eyewitness confidence judgments : The effect of dyadic collaboration
- 2003
-
Ingår i: Applied Cognitive Psychology. - 0888-4080 .- 1099-0720. ; 17:5, s. 545-561
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study investigated to what extent, and under what circumstances, pair collaboration influences the realism in eyewitness confidence in event memory. The participants first saw a short film clip and then confidence rated their answers to questions on its content. A condition (the Individual–Pair condition) where individual effort preceded pair collaboration showed better calibration compared with a condition (the Simple Pair condition) where no individual effort took place. Furthermore, within the Individual–Pair condition, better calibration, and lower overconfidence, were found in the pair phase compared with the individual phase. The eyewitnesses in the Individual–Pair condition made more realistic judgements of the total number of questions answered correctly. In a control experiment no effect on realism in confidence was found when individuals performed the same task twice. The improved realism in the Individual–Pair condition may partly be explained in terms of the increased accuracy and lowered confidence found for such items where the pair members’ had given different answers in the individual phase, and by a risky shift effect for such items where they had given the same answer.
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| 6. |
- Allwood, Carl Martin, et al.
(författare)
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Realism in actor’s and observers confidence judgments: The effect of considering the actor’s arguments and/or confidence
- 2003
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The present study investigated the difference between Actors’ and Observers’ realism in confidence and frequency judgments of general knowledge assertions, and how types of information given to the Observers about the Actors’ choice of answers affect that difference in the realism in confidence judgments. In general, compared with the Actors, the Observers showed higher accuracy and higher confidence. When no additional information was given, the Observers showed lower overconfidence than the Actors did. However, this difference did not remain when the Observers were provided with the Actors’ conceived best argument for, and/or rated confidence in, the Actors’ choice. In addition, Observers provided only with the Actors’ arguments showed poorer calibration and higher confidence than those provided with arguments and confidence judgments and those provided with confidence judgments only. These results are discussed in relation to previous calibration research, the unpacking hypothesis of Support theory and a version of the information richness hypothesis. The results also showed that the frequency judgment of one’s own overall accuracy was lower and less realistic than that of the other’s accuracy.
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| 7. |
- Arvidsson, Marcus, et al.
(författare)
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Aspects of Organizational Psychology and Innovation in Air Traffic Control
- 2002
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference of the Swedish Centre for Aviation R&D, on Human Factors and Safety in Aviation. - 9197505803 ; , s. 14-21
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In order to adapt to new conditions that increasing air traffic volumes bring forward, the Swedish Air Navigation Services (ANS) is going through a process of change. In order to meet the new conditions it will be necessary to be more efficient in the work of handling the air traffic. New conditions bring forward new demands, not only on technology and methods used, but also on organizational structures and individual employees. The challenge is to make the adaptation in ways that do not affect the safety standards. The Swedish air traffic control, ATC centers in Malmö and Stockholm are adjusting their activity to meet the new situations in mainly two ways: a new team-based organization has recently been introduced and a new ATC system will soon be installed.
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| 8. |
- Arvidsson, Marcus, et al.
(författare)
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Organisational climate and psychosocial work environment in air traffic control
- 2004
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Ingår i: Book of abstracts of the 6th European Conference of the European Academy of Occupational Health Psychology.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Air traffic control in Sweden is being studied in a joint long-term project between Lund University and the Swedish Air Navigation Services (ANS).The project aims to investigate how different organisational aspects such as organisational climate, team climate, leadership, psychosocial work environment and safety culture will be affected by ongoing organisational and technical changes. The basic research design comprises three studies, two prior to the introduction of a new air traffic control system and one after. This design has provided opportunities to compare the situation before and after the system introduction. The first and the second studies have been completed and the results concerning organisational climate and psychosocial work environment are the focus of this paper.
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| 9. |
- Arvidsson, Marcus, et al.
(författare)
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Organizational climate in air traffic control
- 2002
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Ingår i: European Academy of Occupational Health Psychology conference proceedings series. - 1473-0200. ; , s. 24-27
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- A positive and innovative organizational climate is of great importance in order to manage and adapt to change. Such a climate seldom evolves in organizations closely governed by rules and regulations. Because of ongoing organizational and technical changes within the Swedish Air Navigation Services Provider, a study concerning the organizational climate for changes and innovations was conducted to investigate the organization’s capacity to cope with changes. Study locations were the two Swedish main air traffic control centers and parts of the civil aviation administration headquarters. 390 subjects took part in the study and the CCQ questionnaire was used to measure the organizational climate. The results show that the organizational climate is quite positive despite the rule governed work. The results also show that administrative personnel assess the organizational climate as more positive than operative personnel. Comparisons between management positions did not result in any differences.
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| 10. |
- Arvidsson, Marcus, et al.
(författare)
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Relationship between safety culture and psychosocial working environment in air traffic control
- 2004
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction in Aeronautics.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Swedish Air Navigation Service Provider in cooperation with the University of Lund aims at developing a model for supporting continuous improvements and learning focusing on safety in air traffic control. This paper focuses on relationships between the safety culture and the psychosocial working environment. These areas were studied using questionnaires at the two main air traffic control centres in Sweden and a part of the central civil aviation administration. The results showed that some associations exist between the two concepts and that this was true within all three study locations.
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