| 1. |
- Johansson, Fredrik, et al.
(författare)
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A pathway for parking in line with the Paris Agreement
- 2022
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Ingår i: Case Studies on Transport Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 2213-624X. ; 10:2, s. 1223-1233
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Current European parking policies do not seem to steer towards a future where urban transport meets the climate goals. Prominent in current housing and parking policies are the so-called minimum parking standards. Recent research has shown that they contribute to increased car use and consequently to higher CO2 emissions. This is because they contribute to urban sprawl, extensive land use, increased housing and infrastructure construction costs, and that they restrict the number of flats per urban land unit. Other recent research shows that the construction of underground garages causes considerable CO2 emissions. This paper is based on previous research on the development of the transport sector to be in line with climate targets (i.e., the Paris Agreement). It intends to fill a research gap regarding how parking management can be designed to be consistent with these targets. Through a future study approach with Stockholm as a case example, this paper illustrates a policy shift in parking policies considered to be in line with national climate targets. The article presents concrete indicators to quantify the scope of change needed (e.g., removing 60,000 residential parking spaces and providing vehicle sharing with 7,500 cars and at least 7,500 bikes). The focus shift goes from providing physical parking spaces to providing satisfactory mobility and accessibility. We outline a pathway towards a future scenario of parking and mobility in Stockholm, with a combination of mobility services, parking restrictions (e.g., cap on parking spaces, removal of minimum parking standards), and citizen participation. The pathway is also analysed regarding equity, feasibility, and acceptance.
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| 2. |
- Johansson, Fredrik, 1979-
(författare)
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A Shift in Urban Mobility and Parking? : Exploring Policies in Relation to Practices
- 2021
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The transport sector is associated with many environmental challenges, including carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Research indicate that CO2 emissions should decrease by at least 50 % per decade in order to be in line with the Paris Agreement, and the transport sector is highlighted as a particularly challenging sector. Sweden, which is the case study in this thesis, has a goal of reducing CO2 emissions from the transport sector with 70 % between 2010 and 2030. This target is, however, not likely to be met if current trends continue. New technology will probably not be enough to reach the target, and car ownership and car travel will probably also have to decrease. Furthermore, many households do not have access to cars, and do not benefit from policies that facilitate car use and car ownership. The purpose of this thesis is to critically analyse policy measures on parking and mobility in metropolitan areas in Sweden with the aim of being in line with the CO2 emission goals set by the Paris Agreement, as well as investigating how the aims of the Paris Agreement can be met with a backcasting study. All studied policy measures highlight the need to shift focus from physical infrastructure to accessibility. In each case, however, current practices and conditions render a transition more difficult. The first paper in the thesis studies the Swedish Transport Administration (STA) mandate to finance different measures. The STA states the importance of reducing the need to travel and making more efficient use of existing infrastructure, and stipulates that these types of measures should be considered before new infrastructure investments. However, the STA has a limited mandate to finance measures with the aim of reducing the need to travel, which results in ambiguous signals to, and frustration among, regional STA officials. This paper demonstrates that making the STA’s mandate more function-oriented would facilitate a transition in line with the sustainable mobility paradigm.The second policy measure discussed in this thesis is the shift from minimum parking requirements, where developers are obliged to build a minimum number of parking spaces in order to obtain a building permit, to flexible parking requirements, where the number of parking spaces provided depends on the local context, and where other mobility services may replace the need for parking. The second paper in this thesis follows two blocks of flats built with flexible parking requirements. Car ownership has decreased in both blocks of flats, and car use has decreased in one of the blocks of flats. Furthermore, car sharing membership and use have increased considerably. However, the process of leaving a car dependent social practice is slow and the conditions (e.g. the technology; and ways of finding, booking, and paying for services) need to be relatively stable for the practice to grow. Other policies may also be needed for emerging social practices to grow. Some of these policies have been implemented in Stockholm (e.g. congestion charges, on-street parking fees, extension of public transport and bicycle infrastructure). However, there is also a trend in the opposite direction; such as new urban highways. Future interventions could be made open to residents in adjacent properties, if more people are to be attracted to the mobility services. The third paper in this thesis discusses the feasibility of using a new parking management tool; “Parking Benefit Districts”, in a European context (Stockholm, Sweden). In a Parking Benefit Districts program, on-street parking charges are implemented, increased or extended, and the resulting revenues are returned to the areas where the charges were imposed. Citizens, or other stakeholders, then participate in deciding how to use these revenues. The underlying intention is to increase acceptance of parking charges, as on-street parking charges may be considered necessary by city planners but are unpopular among citizens and other stakeholders. This thesis shows that there are no legal barriers to implementing a Parking Benefit District programme in Sweden, but there are some limitations as to how revenues can be used. Moreover, Sweden does not have this planning tradition and the programme may not be perceived as legitimate. Another important issue is equity and participation, e.g. it is important to consider who to include and how to include them.The fourth paper is a target-oriented backcasting study. The paper depicts a future image for parking and mobility for the city of Stockholm that is in line with the CO2 emission goals in the Paris Agreement, and then examines how to plan for parking and mobility in order to steer towards this future image. The paper points out that current parking standards (the flexible parking standard discussed in Paper II) is far from being in line with the Paris Agreement, and emphasizes the necessity of a different planning approach. The paper also presents a path of development thought to be in line with the Paris Agreement.
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| 3. |
- Näslund Dahlgren, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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Med Kamera i Arktis
- 2022
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Ingår i: Fotografihistorier. - Stockholm : Natur & Kultur. - 9789127177000 ; , s. 111-115
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 4. |
- Rylance, Rebecca Tremain, et al.
(författare)
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Patient-oriented risk score for predicting death 1 year after myocardial infarction : the SweDen risk score
- 2022
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Ingår i: Open Heart. - : BMJ. - 2053-3624. ; 9:2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVES: Our aim was to derive, based on the SWEDEHEART registry, and validate, using the Western Denmark Heart registry, a patient-oriented risk score, the SweDen score, which could calculate the risk of 1-year mortality following a myocardial infarction (MI).METHODS: The factors included in the SweDen score were age, sex, smoking, diabetes, heart failure and statin use. These were chosen a priori by the SWEDEHEART steering group based on the premise that the factors were information known by the patients themselves. The score was evaluated using various statistical methods such as time-dependent receiver operating characteristics curves of the linear predictor, area under the curve metrics, Kaplan-Meier survivor curves and the calibration slope.RESULTS: The area under the curve values were 0.81 in the derivation data and 0.76 in the validation data. The Kaplan-Meier curves showed similar patient profiles across datasets. The calibration slope was 1.03 (95% CI 0.99 to 1.08) in the validation data using the linear predictor from the derivation data.CONCLUSIONS: The SweDen risk score is a novel tool created for patient use. The risk score calculator will be available online and presents mortality risk on a colour scale to simplify interpretation and to avoid exact life span expectancies. It provides a validated patient-oriented risk score predicting the risk of death within 1 year after suffering an MI, which visualises the benefit of statin use and smoking cessation in a simple way.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Yndigegn, Troels, et al.
(författare)
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Design and rationale of randomized evaluation of decreased usage of beta-blockers after acute myocardial infarction (REDUCE-AMI)
- 2022
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Ingår i: European Heart Journal - Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy. - : Oxford University Press. - 2055-6837 .- 2055-6845. ; 9:2, s. 192-197
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Most trials showing benefit of beta-blocker treatment after myocardial infarction (MI) included patients with large MIs and are from an era before modern biomarker-based MI diagnosis and reperfusion treatment. The aim of the Randomized Evaluation of Decreased Usage of betabloCkErs after Acute Myocardial Infarction (REDUCE-AMI) trial is to determine whether long-term oral beta-blockade in patients with an acute MI and preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (EF) reduces the composite endpoint of death of any cause or recurrent MI.METHODS: It is a registry-based, randomized, parallel, open-label, multicenter trial performed at 38 centers in Sweden, one center in Estonia and six centers in New Zealand. About 5000 patients with an acute MI who have undergone coronary angiography and with EF ≥ 50% will be randomized to long-term treatment with beta-blockade or not. The primary endpoint is the composite endpoint of death of any cause or new non-fatal MI. There are several secondary endpoints, including all-cause death, cardiovascular death, new MI, readmission because of heart failure and atrial fibrillation, symptoms, functional status, health related quality of life after 6-10 weeks and after 1 year of treatment. Safety endpoints are bradycardia, AV-block II-III, hypotension, syncope or need for pacemaker, asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and stroke.CONCLUSION: The results from REDUCE-AMI will add important evidence regarding the effect of beta-blockers in patients with MI and preserved EF and may change guidelines and clinical practice.
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