| 1. |
- Klionsky, Daniel J., et al.
(författare)
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Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy
- 2012
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Ingår i: Autophagy. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1554-8635 .- 1554-8627. ; 8:4, s. 445-544
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field.
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| 2. |
- Beecham, Ashley H, et al.
(författare)
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Analysis of immune-related loci identifies 48 new susceptibility variants for multiple sclerosis.
- 2013
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Ingår i: Nature genetics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1546-1718 .- 1061-4036. ; 45:11, s. 1353-60
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Using the ImmunoChip custom genotyping array, we analyzed 14,498 subjects with multiple sclerosis and 24,091 healthy controls for 161,311 autosomal variants and identified 135 potentially associated regions (P < 1.0 × 10(-4)). In a replication phase, we combined these data with previous genome-wide association study (GWAS) data from an independent 14,802 subjects with multiple sclerosis and 26,703 healthy controls. In these 80,094 individuals of European ancestry, we identified 48 new susceptibility variants (P < 5.0 × 10(-8)), 3 of which we found after conditioning on previously identified variants. Thus, there are now 110 established multiple sclerosis risk variants at 103 discrete loci outside of the major histocompatibility complex. With high-resolution Bayesian fine mapping, we identified five regions where one variant accounted for more than 50% of the posterior probability of association. This study enhances the catalog of multiple sclerosis risk variants and illustrates the value of fine mapping in the resolution of GWAS signals.
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| 3. |
- John, Viola, et al.
(författare)
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Comperative ecological Life Cycle Assessment for residential buildings
- 2011
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Ingår i: World Sustainable Building Conference 2011, October 18-21, 2011, Helsinki, Finland.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) offers a viable way of evaluating a buildings environmental impact throughout all life phases (construction, use/occupation and deconstruction). However, LCAs of buildings still need to be well-established so that in the future, architects and planners will already be able to conduct them at early design stages. The evaluation of residential buildings, which for instance in Switzerland contribute about 88% to the overall Swiss building stock [1], will be especially important in the future in order to minimize environmental impacts. The Chair of Sustainable Construction at ETH Zurich is conducting a major research study on how to assure comparability, reliability and simplification of LCAs on residential buildings in the future. In a representative study, up to 100 residential apartment buildings are analyzed. The aim of this study is to integrate complexity in LCA by means of identifying those building parameters (e.g. construction materials and components, heating energy, etc.) most relevant for LCAs in typical apartment buildings in terms of their environmental impacts, while also considering economic aspects. In this instance, only Swiss buildings are examined, however, the methodology is generally applicable. Based on this analysis, a concept for a light standardized LCA tool for Swiss residential apartment buildings will be developed which enables architects and planners to easily evaluate the environmental impacts of a building right from the beginning of the design process. This paper introduces the methodological approach applied in the ETH research project Life Cycle Assessment of Infrastructure - Buildings.
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| 4. |
- John, Viola, et al.
(författare)
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Hoch oder quer? Ökologische Lebenszyklusanalyse eines Hochhauses im Vergleich zu einem Riegelgebäude
- 2010
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Ingår i: Bauingenieur. - 0005-6650. ; :8, s. 341-352
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Urban sprawl is a worldwide tendency leading to an increased demand for adequate highly condensed living space within cities. To meet this demand, there are two typical building types: the high rise and the elongate apartment building. This article aims at providing a comparative ecological life cycle assessment (LCA) for the structure of these two building types. For the analysis, an existing elongate apartment building, planned for a site with bad soil conditions and a high groundwater level in Zurich, was examined. This building was then compared to a hypothetic high rise building, designed for the same site in Zurich and meeting identical energy standards as well as containing a comparable amount of accommodation units and floor space. The weighting of the environmental impact of the buildings over their entire lifecycle was illustrated through two different weighting indices (Eco-Indicator 99 [1], Ecological Scarcity ’06 [2]). Additionally, the cumulative energy demand (CED) [3] for both buildings was calculated. Afterwards, a sensitivity analysis was conducted, accounting for the influence of improved soil properties and a low groundwater level. The LCA results show that with bad soil properties, the high rise building has a significantly lower cumulative energy demand and environmental impact than the elongate building, whereas improved soil properties lead to the elongate building exceeding the high rise building in terms of environmental impacts.
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| 5. |
- John, Viola, et al.
(författare)
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Statistical cluster analysis as a means to complement LCA of buildings
- 2012
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Ingår i: 3th International Symposium on Life-Cycle-Engineering, October 16-19, 2012, Hofburg Palace, Vienna, Austria. - 9780415621267
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) models, generated for evaluating the environmental impact of buildings, usually allow for an abstracted view on one or more individual buildings. However, in order to optimise the LCA procedure in the future, it would be a prerequisite to rather model “typical” buildings instead of individual ones. As each building is a unique and complex system, the existing approach to LCA modeling needs adaptation when trying to establish a generic alternative model for “typical” buildings. This paper introduces a new approach to complement LCA modeling, suggesting the application of statistical cluster analysis to enable classification of buildings according to the immanent similarity in their individual characteristics.
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| 6. |
- Malmqvist, Tove, et al.
(författare)
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Design strategies for low embodied energy and greenhouse gases in buildings : analyses of the IEA Annex 57 case studies
- 2014
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the World Sustainable Building Conference, SB14, Barcelona, October 28-30, 2014..
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper introduces the IEA Annex 57 case study method, consisting of a format fordescribing individual case studies and an evaluation matrix covering all case studies. Samplecase studies are used to illustrate the method and the evaluation matrix through a firstpreliminary analysis. In compiling and evaluation existing, transparent case studies we havetaken a stakeholder perspective. By so doing it is intended to identify fordecision makers thekey issues affecting EE/EC in buildings. Analysis in this paper focuses on one of the six casestudy themes, building design strategies for EE/EC mitigation and references cases coveringe.g. material selection, building shape, construction stage strategies and strategies to handlethe trade-off between embodied and operational impacts in net-zero emission building design.
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| 7. |
- Wallbaum, Holger, 1967, et al.
(författare)
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Ökologische Lebenszyklusanalysen von Wohn- und Bürogebäuden
- 2011
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Ingår i: Ein bleibender Eindruck - Nachhaltigkeit im Bauwesen, 1 Dec. 2011, Ingenieurkammer West e.V., Haus der Technik, Essen, Deutschland.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Das Referat zeigt neben den relevanten Faktoren und deren Einfluss auf die Ergebnisse auch deren Interpretation auf und will so zum besseren Verständnis der Chancen, aber auch der Risiken der Anwendung von Ökobilanzen im Bauwesen einen Beitrag leisten.
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