| 1. |
- Jonsson, Susanne, 1965-, et al.
(författare)
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Analysis of mono- and diesters of o-phthalic acid by solid-phase extractions with polystyrene–divinylbenzene-based polymers
- 2002
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Ingår i: Journal of Chromatography A. - 0021-9673 .- 1873-3778. ; 963:1-2, s. 393-400
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Retention mechanisms of an unmodified and a hydroxylated polystyrene–divinylbenzene polymer were studied by solid-phase extraction of o-phthalic acid and some of its mono- and diesters from purified water and then analysing by GC–MS. The monoesters and phthalic acid were retained only when protonated (i.e. acidified with HCl to pH 0.9). Of all elution solvents tested, ethyl acetate gave the best overall recoveries (61–89%) with both polymers. Applicability to complex matrixes (e.g. acidogenic landfill leachates) was examined by introducing a washing step with acetone in acidified water (pH 0.9) to eliminate volatile fatty acids (C2–C6) from the cartridge. Finally, the method was tested on real samples.
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| 2. |
- Jonsson, Susanne, 1965-
(författare)
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Analysis of phthalic compounds _ evaluation and optimisation
- 2001
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Ingår i: 3rd International Symposium on Advances in Extraction Technologies,2001.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Traditionally the analyses of phthalic compounds have focused on the phthalic acid diesters, usually called phthalates. These days, their degradation products are of interest well. Phthalic acid diesters are neutral compounds with esterchains of different hydrophobicity. The degradation products phthalic acid monoesters are more hydrophilic than the diesters due to the uncovered carboxylic acid. Phthalic acid is the most hydrophilic compounds. Thus, phthalic compounds covers a broad range of polarity and hydrophobicity which make simultaneous analysis of all phthalic compounds difficult. The aims of this study were to a) compare the extraction efficiencies of liquid and solid phase extraction for different phthalic compounds, b) optimise the analysis for especially the monoesters and phthalic acid in a complex matrix such as landfill leachates c) compare electron and chemical ionisation detection for the compounds chosen for this study, namely dimethyl, diethyl, dibutyl, butyl benzyl and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, their corresponding monoesters and phthalic acid. The compounds were analysed by a gas chromatograph with mass spectrometry detection
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| 3. |
- Jonsson, Susanne, 1965-, et al.
(författare)
-
Behaviour of mono- and diesters of o-phthalic acid in leachates released during digestion of municipal solid waste under landfill conditions
- 2003
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Ingår i: Advances in Environmental Research. - 1093-0191 .- 1093-7927. ; 7:2, s. 429-440
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In order to investigate phthalates in landfill leachates, four landfill simulation reactors, filled with municipal solid waste from a housing area, were studied. Plasticised polyvinyl chloride (PVC) was added to two of the reactors. Two reactors, one with and one without the additional PVC, were aerated for 3 months to achieve methanogenic conditions. The other two became acidogenic a few days after filling and closing. After approximately 3 years, the acidogenic waste became methanogenic. The leachates were analysed for phthalic acid diesters and their degradation products, phthalic acid monoesters and o-phthalic acid. The occurrence of monobenzyl phthalate (MbenzP) and mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) showed that the diesters, butylbenzyl phthalate (BBP) and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), released from the PVC products had been transformed, and that they were not completely sorbed to particles or to the waste material. Monoesters were observed once methanogenic conditions were established. The monoesters and phthalic acid were present in concentrations several orders of magnitude higher than the diesters themselves. Our results show that it is important to include monoesters in studies of the fate of diesters. To date, monoesters have been neglected in investigations of organic pollutants in landfill leachates.
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| 4. |
- Jonsson, Susanne, 1965-, et al.
(författare)
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Mono- and diesters from o-phthalic acid in leachates from different European landfills
- 2003
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Ingår i: Water Research. - 0043-1354 .- 1879-2448. ; 37:3, s. 609-617
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Leachates from 17 different landfills in Europe were analysed with respect to phthalates, i.e. phthalic acid diesters (PAEs) and their degradation products phthalic acid monoesters (PMEs) and ortho-phthalic acid (PA). Diesters are ubiquitous and the human possible exposure and potential to human health and environment has put them in focus. The aim of this study was to elucidate whether monoesters and phthalic acid could be traced in landfill leachates and in what concentrations they may be found. The results showed that phthalates were present in the majority of the leachates investigated. The monoesters appeared from 1 to 20 μg/L and phthalic acid 2–880 μg/L (one divergent value of 19 mg phthalic acid/L). Their parental diesters were observed from 1 to 460 μg/L. These observed occurrences of degradation products, of all diesters studied, support that they are degraded under the landfill conditions covered by this study. Thus, we have presented strong evidences to conclude that microorganisms in landfills degrade diesters released from formulations in a variety of products, including polyvinyl chloride (PVC) species.
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| 5. |
- Jonsson, Susanne, 1965-, et al.
(författare)
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Mono- and diesters of o-phthalic acid in leachates from young landfills in early degradation phases
- 2002
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Ingår i: Intercontinental Landfill Research Symposium,2002.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- All members of the chemical group of phthalates are salts of phthalic acid and in the international literature dealing with phthalates, the chemical group seems to have been regarded as phthalic acid diesters only, although, the diesters might be degraded to phthalic acid monoesters and phthalic acid. PDEs are widely used in a range of different products such as in, cardboard, paint, ink, adhesives, perfumes, but mainly as plasticisers in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastics. They are not chemically bound to the products and are therefore able to migrate to the aquatic environment. Biodegradation is considered to be the most significant fate process for phthalate diesters (Staples et al., 1997) and degradation of phthalate diesters to monoesters has been shown to occur in both aerobic (Inman et al., 1984; Shelton et al., 1984) and anaerobic (Ejlertsson et al., 1996) laboratory studies. Together with the diesters also the monoesters and phthalic acid has been found in old landfills with methanogenic leachates collected from different European landfills (Jonsson et al., 2002a). Results from laboratory scale landfill simulated reactors have showed that the major transformation of diesters to monoesters and PA was dedicated the early methanogenic phase (Jonsson et al., 2002b). In this study leachates from young landfill cells have been sampled at eight occasions during a period of two years (1998-2000). The cells have been constructed yearly i.e., 1995, 1996 and 1997, from ca. 10.000 metric tons of compacted but not grained municipal solid waste during a two months period. The well-defined starting period made it possible to study the development from acidogenic phase to methanogenic degradation by measuring pH, volatile organic acids (VFAs) and total organic carbon (TOC). This study present concentrations of the monoesters monomethyl, monoethyl, monobutyl, monobenzyl, mono(2-ethylhexyl) and didecyl phthalate (MMP, MEP, MbutP, MbenzP and MEHP respectively) and the diesters dimethyl, diethyl, dibutyl, butylbenzyl, and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (respectively designated DMP, DEP, DBP, BBP, and DEHP), as well as phthalic acid and discuss the observed results from the laboratory lysimeter study.
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| 6. |
- Jonsson, Susanne, 1965-
(författare)
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Phthalates in landfill leachates : a signature of their degradation: Analytical aspects & toxicological considerations
- 2003
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Phthalic acid diesters comprise a large group of organic compounds that are used to manufacture a variety of products all over the world, and this has raised concerns about the fate of these compounds in the environment. The diester-containing products often end up in landfills, where they are degraded by various micro-organisms, which gives rise to transient intermediates such as phthalic acid monoesters and ortho-phthalic acid. These degradation products escape detection when applying the analytical protocols used to investigate the well-elucidated diesters, hence other methods are needed.In the present work, the temporal pattern of degradation was scrutinised by studying leachates from both laboratory-scale Iandfill simulation reactors and newly established fullscale landfill cells. Leachate samples from a transect downstream of a landfill were also examined to highlight possible groundwater contamination from unlined landfills. In addition, extraction techniques were developed for simultaneous detection of diesters, monoesters of o-phthalic acid, and o-phthalic acid itself.The degradation products of phthalate diesters (i.e. the monoesters and phthalic acid) were found in the landfill leachates, which demonstrates proves that phthalic acid diesters are degraded/transformed in situ in landfills. The monoesters and phthalic acid may accumulate in leachates during certain parts of landfill degradation development, for example, during establishment of the methanogenic micro-flora. The phthalates leached from landfills are potential groundwater contaminants, whereas breakdown of the diesters and monoesters was observed in the studied Iandfill plume. The monoesters and phthalic acid could be detected by proper acidification of the samples and derivatization of the extracts, followed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Acute toxicity tests showed that the monoesters were generally less toxic than the corresponding diesters, and that phthalic acid was the least toxic. These results suggest that degradation of the diesters to monoesters and phthalic acidwill reduce the risk for acute toxic effects on the environment.
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| 7. |
- Jonsson, Susanne, 1965-, et al.
(författare)
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Quantification of volatile sulfur compounds in complex gaseous matrices by solid-phase microextraction
- 2002
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Ingår i: Journal of Chromatography A. - 0021-9673 .- 1873-3778. ; 963:1-2, s. 57-64
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Procedures were assessed for quantifying nine volatile sulfur compounds found in complex gaseous samples collected at a biogas-production plant and a sewage treatment plant. The target compounds were extracted by solid-phase microextraction (using the 75-╡m Carboxen-polydimethylsiloxane fiber coating) at 22░C for 20 min, and analyzed by GC-MS. Detection limits ranged between 1 pptv (v/v) for carbon disulfide and 470 pptv (v/v) for hydrogen sulfide. High amounts of organic compounds were found during full-scan analysis of the samples and standard additions to individual sub-samples revealed that the analysis was subject to matrix effects. However, the functions obtained by standard additions were still linear and quantification was possible for all the compounds tested except hydrogen sulfide. No detectable losses were observed during storage in the sampling containers, made of Tedlar film, over a storage period of 20 h. However, water permeated through the walls and the relative humidity in the bag increased during storage until it reached the ambient level. Finally, it was shown that the drying agent, CaCl2, caused no detectable losses of any of the compounds. ⌐ 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 8. |
- Jonsson, Susanne, 1965-
(författare)
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The behaviour of phthalic compounds in landfill leachates - occurrence and analytical problems
- 2001
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Ingår i: ¿ SETAC Europe 11th Annual Meeting,2001.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The society have paid attention to phthalic acid diesters (PAEs)because of humans multiple and inevitable exposure. PAEs are widely used in different commercial products, which sooner or later may end up in landfills. The PAEs are leached from the waste and may occur in leachates but may also be subjected to microbial transformation. The PAEs are considered relatively non-toxic, but the degradation products phthalic acid monoesters (PMEs) have been reported to cause hormone related disturbances. We have developed a method that allows for a simultaneous determination of PAEs and PMEs within the same analysis. The observation of PMEs in leachates from different European landfills confirmed our results from a long-term study with landfill simulating reactors (LSRs) which showed that PMEs could be generated from PAE-containing products. The LSR study showed that the transformation seemed to be related to the degradation conditions within the waste and was favoured by the transition to methanogenic conditions. In order to calculate budgets or life cycle analysis of PAEs one has to reconsider that an unknown part, perhaps the major part, most probably is presented as PMEs.
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| 9. |
- Jonsson, Susanne, 1965-, et al.
(författare)
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Toxicity of mono- and diesters of o-phthalic esters to a crustacean, a green alga, and a bacterium
- 2003
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Ingår i: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. - : Wiley. - 0730-7268 .- 1552-8618. ; 22:12, s. 3037-3043
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The degradation of phthalic acid diesters may lead to formation of o-phthalic acid and phthalic acid monoesters. The ecotoxic properties of the monoesters have never been systematically investigated, and concern has been raised that these degradation products may be more toxic than the diesters. Therefore, the aquatic toxicity of phthalic acid, six monoesters, and five diesters of o-phthalic acid was tested in three standardized toxicity tests using the bacteria Vibrio fischeri, the green algae Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, and the crustacean Daphnia magna. The monoesters tested were monomethyl, monoethyl, monobutyl, monobenzyl, mono(2-ethylhexyl), and monodecyl phthalate, while the diesters tested were dimethyl, diethyl, dibutyl, butylbentyl, and di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate, which were assumed to be below their water solubility. The median effective concentration (EC50) values for the three organisms ranged from 103 mg/L to >4,710 mg/L for phthalic acid, and corresponding values for the monoesters ranged from 2.3 mg/L (monodecyl phthalate in bacteria test) to 4,130 mg/L (monomethyl phthalate in bacteria test). Dimethyl and diethyl phthalate were found to be the least toxic of the diesters (EC50 26.2–377 mg/L), and the toxicity of the other diesters (butylbenzyl and dibutyl phthalate) ranged from 0.96 to 7.74 mg/L. In general, the phthalate monoesters (degradation products) were less toxic than the corresponding diesters (mother compounds).
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| 10. |
- Jonsson, Susanne, 1965-, et al.
(författare)
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Transformation of phthalates in young landfill cells
- 2003
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Ingår i: Waste Management. - 0956-053X .- 1879-2456. ; 23:7, s. 641-651
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Phthalic acid diesters are additives in a variety of materials that can end up in landfills. Leachates from a series of full-scale young landfill cells were analysed over time for dimethyl, diethyl, dibutyl, butylbenzyl, and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (respectively designated DMP, DEP, DBP, BBP, and DEHP), and their corresponding monoesters monomethyl, monoethyl, monobutyl, monobenzyl, and mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MMP, MEP, MbutP, MbenzP, and MEHP, respectively), as well as o-phthalic acid (PA). One landfill cell was created in each of three consecutive years by deposition of the same type of waste in July and August. The pH, volatile fatty acids (VFAs), and total organic carbon (TOC) were measured to characterise development of the degradation phases in three landfill cells, which revealed early acidogenic to initial methanogenic stages. Analysis of the phthalate compounds showed that observed concentrations of the degradation products were below the detection limit in the acidogenic leachates but exceeded concentrations of their corresponding diesters in leachates from cells in the initial methanogenic phase. Maximum and average concentrations of phthalic acid were 50 and 23 mg/l, respectively, and the corresponding values for the other phthalates were 430 and 27 ╡g/l. The concentrations of all phthalates decreased during the establishment of stable methanogenic conditions. ⌐ 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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