| 1. |
- Clark, Andrew G., et al.
(författare)
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Evolution of genes and genomes on the Drosophila phylogeny
- 2007
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Ingår i: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0028-0836 .- 1476-4687. ; 450:7167, s. 203-218
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Comparative analysis of multiple genomes in a phylogenetic framework dramatically improves the precision and sensitivity of evolutionary inference, producing more robust results than single-genome analyses can provide. The genomes of 12 Drosophila species, ten of which are presented here for the first time (sechellia, simulans, yakuba, erecta, ananassae, persimilis, willistoni, mojavensis, virilis and grimshawi), illustrate how rates and patterns of sequence divergence across taxa can illuminate evolutionary processes on a genomic scale. These genome sequences augment the formidable genetic tools that have made Drosophila melanogaster a pre-eminent model for animal genetics, and will further catalyse fundamental research on mechanisms of development, cell biology, genetics, disease, neurobiology, behaviour, physiology and evolution. Despite remarkable similarities among these Drosophila species, we identified many putatively non-neutral changes in protein-coding genes, non-coding RNA genes, and cis-regulatory regions. These may prove to underlie differences in the ecology and behaviour of these diverse species.
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| 2. |
- Bauer, D. C., et al.
(författare)
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Classification of osteoarthritis biomarkers: a proposed approach
- 2006
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Ingår i: Osteoarthritis and Cartilage. - : Elsevier BV. - 1063-4584. ; 14:8, s. 723-727
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: Osteoarthritis (OA) biomarkers are needed by researchers and clinicians to assist in disease diagnosis and assessment of disease severity, risk of onset, and progression. As effective agents for CA are developed and tested in clinical studies, biomarkers; that reliably mirror or predict the progression or amelioration of CA will also be needed. Methods: The NIH-funded CA Biomarkers Network is a multidisciplinary group interested in the development and validation of CA biomarkers. This review summarizes our efforts to characterize and classify CA biomarkers. Results: We propose the "BIPED" biomarker classification (which stands for Burden of Disease, Investigative, Prognostic, Efficacy of Intervention and Diagnostic), and offer suggestions on optimal study design and analytic methods for use in CA investigations. Conclusion. The BIPED classification provides specific biomarker definitions with the goal of improving our ability to develop and analyze OA biomarkers, and to communicate these advances within a common framework. (C) 2006 OsteoArthritis Research Society International. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 3. |
- Zhang, W, et al.
(författare)
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EULAR evidence based recommendations for the management of hip osteoarthritis: report of a task force of the EULAR Standing Committee for International Clinical Studies Including Therapeutics (ESCISIT)
- 2005
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Ingår i: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. - : BMJ. - 1468-2060 .- 0003-4967. ; 64:5, s. 669-681
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: To develop evidence based recommendations for the management of hip osteoarthritis (OA). Methods: The multidisciplinary guideline development group comprised 18 rheumatologists, 4 orthopaedic surgeons, and 1 epidemiologist, representing 14 European countries. Each participant contributed up to 10 propositions describing key clinical aspects of hip OA management. Ten final recommendations were agreed using a Delphi consensus approach. Medline, Embase, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, and HTA reports were searched systematically to obtain research evidence for each proposition. Where possible, outcome data for efficacy, adverse effects, and cost effectiveness were abstracted. Effect size, rate ratio, number needed to treat, and incremental cost effectiveness ratio were calculated. The quality of evidence was categorised according to the evidence hierarchy. The strength of recommendation was assessed using the traditional A - D grading scale and a visual analogue scale. Results: Ten key treatment propositions were generated through three Delphi rounds. They included 21 interventions, such as paracetamol, NSAIDs, symptomatic slow acting disease modifying drugs, opioids, intra-articular steroids, non-pharmacological treatment, total hip replacement, osteotomy, and two general propositions. 461 studies were identified from the literature search for the proposed interventions of efficacy, side effects, and cost effectiveness. Research evidence supported 15 interventions in the treatment of hip OA. Evidence specific for the hip was strikingly lacking. Strength of recommendation varied according to category of research evidence and expert opinion. Conclusion: Ten key recommendations for the treatment of hip OA were developed based on research evidence and expert consensus. The effectiveness and cost effectiveness of these recommendations were evaluated and the strength of recommendation was scored.
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| 4. |
- Clutton-Brock, T. H., et al.
(författare)
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Intrasexual competition and sexual selection in cooperative mammals
- 2006
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Ingår i: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0028-0836 .- 1476-4687. ; 444:7122, s. 1065-1068
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In most animals, the sex that invests least in its offspring competes more intensely for access to the opposite sex and shows greater development of secondary sexual characters than the sex that invests most(1,2). However, in some mammals where females are the primary care-givers, females compete more frequently or intensely with each other than males(3-5). A possible explanation is that, in these species, the resources necessary for successful female reproduction are heavily concentrated and intrasexual competition for breeding opportunities is more intense among females than among males. Intrasexual competition between females is likely to be particularly intense in cooperative breeders where a single female monopolizes reproduction in each group(6). Here, we use data from a twelve-year study of wild meerkats (Suricata suricatta), where females show high levels of reproductive skew, to show that females gain greater benefits from acquiring dominant status than males and traits that increase competitive ability exert a stronger influence on their breeding success. Females that acquire dominant status also develop a suite of morphological, physiological and behavioural characteristics that help them to control other group members. Our results show that sex differences in parental investment are not the only mechanism capable of generating sex differences in reproductive competition and emphasize the extent to which competition for breeding opportunities between females can affect the evolution of sex differences and the operation of sexual selection.
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| 5. |
- Cuthbertson, Robin S., et al.
(författare)
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A new species of mosasaur (Squamata: Mosasauridae) from the Pierre Shale (lower Campanian) of Manitoba
- 2007
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Ingår i: Canadian journal of earth sciences (Print). - : NRC Research Press. - 0008-4077 .- 1480-3313. ; 44:5, s. 593-606
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Plioplatecarpus nichollsae, sp. nov., from the lower Campanian (Pembina Member, Pierre Shale Formation) is diagnosed by the following: a thickened ventral rim of the external naris, a short supratemporal fenestra, a frontal shield with well-developed posterolateral lappets that overlap the parietal dorsally, proximal rib shafts with an approximately circular (but not inflated) cross section, a scapula shaped as in other Plioplatecarpus species but approximately the same size (not larger) than the coracoid, and a moderately large parietal foramen that reaches the frontoparietal suture but does not invade the frontal. The last two characters require that the diagnosis of the genus Plioplatecarpus be emended. With other Plioplatecarpus species, P. nichollsae shares a robust humerus with a distal expansion at least as great as the total length of the bone, a rectangular preorbital frontal shield, a "peg and socket" postorbitofrontal-jugal articulation, a transversely directed ectopterygoid process of the pterygoid, a large, robust quadrate with a distinct eminence on the posterior surface of its shaft, an unossified gap in the ventral wall of the basioccipital, and at least 11 pygal vertebrae. P. nichollsae also shares primitive features with Platecarpus, as well as features apparently intermediate betweenPlatecarpus and Plioplatecarpus. Revision of the genus Platecarpus, currently hypothesized to be both paraphyletic and polyphyletic, as well as a better understanding of the early Campanian mosasaur fauna from the Morden area, are necessary before the phylogenetic significance of some of these characters, and therefore the relationships of Plioplatecarpus nichollsae, can be fully resolved.
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| 6. |
- Vogler, Amy J, et al.
(författare)
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Phylogeography of Francisella tularensis : global expansion of a highly fit clone
- 2009
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Ingår i: Journal of Bacteriology. - : American Society for Microbiology. - 0021-9193 .- 1098-5530. ; 191:8, s. 2474-2484
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Francisella tularensis contains several highly pathogenic subspecies, including Francisella tularensis subsp. holarctica, whose distribution is circumpolar in the northern hemisphere. The phylogeography of these subspecies and their subclades was examined using whole-genome single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis, high-density microarray SNP genotyping, and real-time-PCR-based canonical SNP (canSNP) assays. Almost 30,000 SNPs were identified among 13 whole genomes for phylogenetic analysis. We selected 1,655 SNPs to genotype 95 isolates on a high-density microarray platform. Finally, 23 clade- and subclade-specific canSNPs were identified and used to genotype 496 isolates to establish global geographic genetic patterns. We confirm previous findings concerning the four subspecies and two Francisella tularensis subsp. tularensis subpopulations and identify additional structure within these groups. We identify 11 subclades within F. tularensis subsp. holarctica, including a new, genetically distinct subclade that appears intermediate between Japanese F. tularensis subsp. holarctica isolates and the common F. tularensis subsp. holarctica isolates associated with the radiation event (the B radiation) wherein this subspecies spread throughout the northern hemisphere. Phylogenetic analyses suggest a North American origin for this B-radiation clade and multiple dispersal events between North America and Eurasia. These findings indicate a complex transmission history for F. tularensis subsp. holarctica.
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