| 1. |
- Lozano, Rafael, et al.
(författare)
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Measuring progress from 1990 to 2017 and projecting attainment to 2030 of the health-related Sustainable Development Goals for 195 countries and territories: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017
- 2018
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Ingår i: The Lancet. - : Elsevier. - 1474-547X .- 0140-6736. ; 392:10159, s. 2091-2138
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Efforts to establish the 2015 baseline and monitor early implementation of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) highlight both great potential for and threats to improving health by 2030. To fully deliver on the SDG aim of “leaving no one behind”, it is increasingly important to examine the health-related SDGs beyond national-level estimates. As part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017 (GBD 2017), we measured progress on 41 of 52 health-related SDG indicators and estimated the health-related SDG index for 195 countries and territories for the period 1990–2017, projected indicators to 2030, and analysed global attainment. Methods: We measured progress on 41 health-related SDG indicators from 1990 to 2017, an increase of four indicators since GBD 2016 (new indicators were health worker density, sexual violence by non-intimate partners, population census status, and prevalence of physical and sexual violence [reported separately]). We also improved the measurement of several previously reported indicators. We constructed national-level estimates and, for a subset of health-related SDGs, examined indicator-level differences by sex and Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintile. We also did subnational assessments of performance for selected countries. To construct the health-related SDG index, we transformed the value for each indicator on a scale of 0–100, with 0 as the 2·5th percentile and 100 as the 97·5th percentile of 1000 draws calculated from 1990 to 2030, and took the geometric mean of the scaled indicators by target. To generate projections through 2030, we used a forecasting framework that drew estimates from the broader GBD study and used weighted averages of indicator-specific and country-specific annualised rates of change from 1990 to 2017 to inform future estimates. We assessed attainment of indicators with defined targets in two ways: first, using mean values projected for 2030, and then using the probability of attainment in 2030 calculated from 1000 draws. We also did a global attainment analysis of the feasibility of attaining SDG targets on the basis of past trends. Using 2015 global averages of indicators with defined SDG targets, we calculated the global annualised rates of change required from 2015 to 2030 to meet these targets, and then identified in what percentiles the required global annualised rates of change fell in the distribution of country-level rates of change from 1990 to 2015. We took the mean of these global percentile values across indicators and applied the past rate of change at this mean global percentile to all health-related SDG indicators, irrespective of target definition, to estimate the equivalent 2030 global average value and percentage change from 2015 to 2030 for each indicator. Findings: The global median health-related SDG index in 2017 was 59·4 (IQR 35·4–67·3), ranging from a low of 11·6 (95% uncertainty interval 9·6–14·0) to a high of 84·9 (83·1–86·7). SDG index values in countries assessed at the subnational level varied substantially, particularly in China and India, although scores in Japan and the UK were more homogeneous. Indicators also varied by SDI quintile and sex, with males having worse outcomes than females for non-communicable disease (NCD) mortality, alcohol use, and smoking, among others. Most countries were projected to have a higher health-related SDG index in 2030 than in 2017, while country-level probabilities of attainment by 2030 varied widely by indicator. Under-5 mortality, neonatal mortality, maternal mortality ratio, and malaria indicators had the most countries with at least 95% probability of target attainment. Other indicators, including NCD mortality and suicide mortality, had no countries projected to meet corresponding SDG targets on the basis of projected mean values for 2030 but showed some probability of attainment by 2030. For some indicators, including child malnutrition, several infectious diseases, and most violence measures, the annualised rates of change required to meet SDG targets far exceeded the pace of progress achieved by any country in the recent past. We found that applying the mean global annualised rate of change to indicators without defined targets would equate to about 19% and 22% reductions in global smoking and alcohol consumption, respectively; a 47% decline in adolescent birth rates; and a more than 85% increase in health worker density per 1000 population by 2030. Interpretation: The GBD study offers a unique, robust platform for monitoring the health-related SDGs across demographic and geographic dimensions. Our findings underscore the importance of increased collection and analysis of disaggregated data and highlight where more deliberate design or targeting of interventions could accelerate progress in attaining the SDGs. Current projections show that many health-related SDG indicators, NCDs, NCD-related risks, and violence-related indicators will require a concerted shift away from what might have driven past gains—curative interventions in the case of NCDs—towards multisectoral, prevention-oriented policy action and investments to achieve SDG aims. Notably, several targets, if they are to be met by 2030, demand a pace of progress that no country has achieved in the recent past. The future is fundamentally uncertain, and no model can fully predict what breakthroughs or events might alter the course of the SDGs. What is clear is that our actions—or inaction—today will ultimately dictate how close the world, collectively, can get to leaving no one behind by 2030.
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| 2. |
- Stanaway, Jeffrey D., et al.
(författare)
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Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017
- 2018
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Ingår i: The Lancet. - 1474-547X .- 0140-6736. ; 392:10159, s. 1923-1994
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017 comparative risk assessment (CRA) is a comprehensive approach to risk factor quantification that offers a useful tool for synthesising evidence on risks and risk-outcome associations. With each annual GBD study, we update the GBD CRA to incorporate improved methods, new risks and risk-outcome pairs, and new data on risk exposure levels and risk- outcome associations. Methods We used the CRA framework developed for previous iterations of GBD to estimate levels and trends in exposure, attributable deaths, and attributable disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), by age group, sex, year, and location for 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or groups of risks from 1990 to 2017. This study included 476 risk-outcome pairs that met the GBD study criteria for convincing or probable evidence of causation. We extracted relative risk and exposure estimates from 46 749 randomised controlled trials, cohort studies, household surveys, census data, satellite data, and other sources. We used statistical models to pool data, adjust for bias, and incorporate covariates. Using the counterfactual scenario of theoretical minimum risk exposure level (TMREL), we estimated the portion of deaths and DALYs that could be attributed to a given risk. We explored the relationship between development and risk exposure by modelling the relationship between the Socio-demographic Index (SDI) and risk-weighted exposure prevalence and estimated expected levels of exposure and risk-attributable burden by SDI. Finally, we explored temporal changes in risk-attributable DALYs by decomposing those changes into six main component drivers of change as follows: (1) population growth; (2) changes in population age structures; (3) changes in exposure to environmental and occupational risks; (4) changes in exposure to behavioural risks; (5) changes in exposure to metabolic risks; and (6) changes due to all other factors, approximated as the risk-deleted death and DALY rates, where the risk-deleted rate is the rate that would be observed had we reduced the exposure levels to the TMREL for all risk factors included in GBD 2017.
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| 3. |
- Joshi, Prachi, et al.
(författare)
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Offset Assignment to Signals for Improving Frame Packing in CAN-FD
- 2017
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Ingår i: 2017 IEEE REAL-TIME SYSTEMS SYMPOSIUM (RTSS). - : IEEE. - 9781538614143 ; , s. 167-177
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Controller Area Network (CAN) is a widely used protocol that allows communication among Electronic Control Units (ECUs) in automotive electronics. It was extended to CAN-FD (CAN with Flexible Data-rate) to meet the increasing demand for bandwidth utilization caused by the growing number of features in modern automobiles. The signal-to-frame packing problem has been studied in literature for both CAN and CAN-FD. In this work, we propose and formulate, for the first time, the signal offset assignment problem (SOAP) in a frame in order to improve the bus bandwidth utilization. We prove that SOAP is NP-complete. We propose a general approximation framework (GAF) for SOAP which can use any approximation algorithm for the makespan minimization problem (MMP) in multiprocessor systems. We derive the performance guarantee provided by GAF as a function of the performance guarantee of the approximation algorithm for MMP and the number of signal periods in the frame. We demonstrate the efficacy of our approach through experiments using three different algorithms (two approximation algorithms and an integer linear programming formulation) for MMP in GAF. Our results indicate that by using offsets for signals in frame packing schemes, one can achieve about 10.54% improvement in bandwidth utilization (on a single bus) in CAN-FD systems.
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| 4. |
- Joshi, Prachi, et al.
(författare)
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The Multi-Domain Frame Packing Problem for CAN-FD
- 2017
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Ingår i: 29th Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems (ECRTS 2017). - : Schloss Dagstuhl--Leibniz-Zentrum fuer Informatik. - 9783959770378
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Controller Area Network with Flexible Data-Rate (CAN-FD) is a new communication protocol to meet the bandwidth requirements for the constantly growing volume of data exchanged in modern vehicles. The problem of frame packing for CAN-FD, as studied in the literature, assumes a single sub-system where one CAN-FD bus serves as the communication medium among several Electronic Control Units (ECUs). Modern automotive electronic systems, on the other hand, consist of several sub-systems, each facilitating a certain functional domain such as powertrain, chassis and suspension. A substantial fraction of all signals is exchanged across sub-systems. In this work, we study the frame packing problem for CAN-FD with multiple sub-systems, and propose a two-stage optimization framework. In the first stage, we pack the signals into frames with the objective of minimizing the bandwidth utilization. In the second stage, we extend Audsley's algorithm to assign priorities/identifiers to the frames. In case the resulting solution is not schedulable, our framework provides a potential repacking method. We propose two solution approaches: (a) an Integer Linear Programming (ILP) formulation that provides an optimal solution but is computationally expensive for industrial-size problems; and (b) a greedy heuristic that scales well and provides solutions that are comparable to optimal solutions. Experimental results show the efficiency of our optimization framework in achieving feasible solutions with low bandwidth utilization. The results also show a significant improvement over the case when there is no cross-domain consideration (as in prior work).
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| 5. |
- Ravi, Nakula, et al.
(författare)
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Effect of nitrogen pressure on mechanical properties of nc-TiAlN/a-Si3N4 nanocomposite coatings deposited by cathodic arc PVD process
- 2016
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Ingår i: Materials Today. - : Elsevier BV. - 2214-7853. ; 3:9, s. 3002-3011
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The present work investigates effect of nitrogen pressure on composition and mechanical properties of superhard nc-TiAlN/a-Si3N4 nanocomposite coatings deposited by cathodic arc PVD process. As the nitrogen pressure increases, at.% ratio of (Al+Si)/Ti, initially, increases to a maximum and thereafter, it decreases while the nitrogen content follows the reverse trend. Hardness is influenced by chemical composition and crystallite size of TiAlN phase. Maximum average hardness of 37 GPa is achieved when at.% ratio of Al(+Si)/Ti or N/(Ti+Al+Si) approaches 1.0 and decrease in scratch adhesion strength is attributed to the defects caused by nitrogen deficiency.
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| 6. |
- Ravi, N., et al.
(författare)
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Effect of substrate roughness on adhesion and tribological properties of nc-TiAlN/a-Si3N4 nanocomposite coatings deposited by cathodic arc PVD process
- 2017
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Ingår i: Surface Engineering. - 0267-0844 .- 1743-2944. ; 33:1, s. 7-19
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- TiN and Ti–Al–Si–N nanocomposite coatings of the type nc-TiAlN/a-Si3N4 have been prepared by cathodic arc physical vapour deposition process using cylindrical cathodes on high speed steel substrates with different surface roughness values, where the roughness is induced by emery paper method and diamond hand polishing. Fracture toughness studies by indentation method have shown that TiN is tougher than Ti–Al–Si–N nanocomposite coatings. Scratch and pin on disc wear tests have been conducted on the specimens to study the adhesion and tribological behaviour of these coatings respectiely. The wear mode between two mating surfaces is complex, and the wear behaviour can be understood better by studying the progression of surface changes and wear debris. The adhesion pattern of harder nanocomposite coating on smooth substrate surfaces is different from that of tougher TiN coating. Wear volume of these coatings decreases with substrate roughness, but it is found more for nanocomposite than for TiN.
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| 7. |
- Ravi, N., et al.
(författare)
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Fracture behaviour of nc-TiAlN/a-Si3N4 nanocomposite coating during nanoimpact test
- 2017
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Ingår i: Surface Engineering. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0267-0844 .- 1743-2944. ; 33:4, s. 282-291
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cyclic nanoimpact tests were carried on nc-TiAlN/a-Si3N4 nanocomposite, TiN and multilayered TiN/nanocomposite (NC) coatings to evaluate their resistance to fracture under cyclic impact loads. Fracture behaviour of the coatings was ascertained from fracture probability obtained from time-depth curves and focus ion beam milling images of resulting indentation impressions. TiN coating mainly showed intercolumnar cracks while the other coatings showed other modes of cracking, that is, lateral, inclined, bending, edge cracks, during testing. The performance ranking of the coatings, TiN > TiN/NC > nc-TiAlN/a-Si3N4, is linked to their β0 value, representing relative indentation depth of the coating-substrate composite hardness system at which the fractional hardness improvement equal to 50% of the maximum is retained and also their corresponding microstructure. Apart from enabling prediction of fracture resistance of the coatings, these studies provide useful insights into design and selection of coating materials for targeted machining applications. © 2016 Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining
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| 8. |
- Ravi, Vikash Kumar, et al.
(författare)
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Origin of the Substitution Mechanism for the Binding of Organic Ligands on the Surface of CsPbBr3 Perovskite Nanocubes
- 2017
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Ingår i: The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1948-7185. ; 8:20, s. 4988-4994
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Optoelectronic properties of CsPbBr3 perovskite nanocubes (NCs) depend strongly on the interaction of the organic passivating molecules with the inorganic crystal. To understand this interaction, we employed a combination of synchrotron-based X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and first-principles density functional theory (DFT)-based calculations. Variable energy XPS elucidated the internal structure of the inorganic part in a layer-by-layer fashion, whereas NMR characterized the organic ligands. Our experimental results confirm that oleylammonium ions act as capping ligands by substituting Cs+ ions from the surface of CsPbBr3 NCs. DFT calculations shows that the substitution mechanism does not require much energy for surface reconstruction and, in contrast, stabilizes the nanocrystal by the formation of three hydrogen bonds between the -NH3(+) moiety of oleylammonium and surrounding Br- on the surface of NCs. This substitution mechanism and its origin are in stark contrast to the usual adsorption of organic ligands on the surface of typical NCs.
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| 9. |
- Venkatesh, L., et al.
(författare)
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Microstructural response of various chromium carbide based coatings to erosion and nano impact testing
- 2017
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Ingår i: Wear. - : Elsevier BV. - 0043-1648 .- 1873-2577. ; 386-387, s. 72-79
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this study, we demonstrate the microstructure dependency of erosion behaviour of laser clad, detonation sprayed and atmospheric plasma sprayed chromium carbide based coatings. The final chromium carbide content in all the coatings was a strong function of rapid solidification rate associated with the processes. In the laser clad coating majority of the chromium carbides re-solidified while in the thermally sprayed coatings chromium carbide re-solidification was hindered to a large extent. Hence, the final chromium carbide content in the thermally sprayed coating decreased with increased extent of particle melting during spraying. Decarburisation and oxidation during thermal spraying lead to the formation of chromium carbides with lower carbon content and chromium oxide(s). Laser clad and detonation sprayed coatings, with higher chromium carbide content, showed lower erosion rates and exhibited fewer brittle erosion events. Embrittlement due to excessive dissolution of chromium carbides into the matrix and poor splat bonding were found to be the reasons for higher erosion rate of the plasma sprayed coating. Scanning electron microscopy and quantification of single erodent impact events clearly established ductile material removal in the laser clad and detonation sprayed coating and brittle material removal in the plasma sprayed coating as the dominant mechanism(s). A good agreement was found between solid particle erosion testing and nano impact testing results.
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| 10. |
- Venkatesh, Lakshmi Narayanan, et al.
(författare)
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Morphology-Dependent Hardness of Cr7C3-Ni-Rich Alloy Composite vs Orientation Independent Hardness of Cr7C3 Primary Phase in a Laser Clad Microstructure
- 2017
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Ingår i: Metallurgical and Materials Transactions. A. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1073-5623 .- 1543-1940. ; 48A:4, s. 1534-1539
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Microstructural evolution with superheating was studied in chromium carbide-nickel coatings deposited by laser cladding. At lower superheating, selective growth of aOE (c) 0001 > direction from the high density of Cr7C3 grains nucleated resulted in a columnar structure with (0001) texture. Increased superheating lead to the loss of columnar structure as well as the (0001) texture. The hexagonal Cr7C3 showed an unusual isotropic nanoindentation hardness evidently correlated with its low c/a ratio. However, the rod-like morphology of the carbide dendrites resulted in significant anisotropy in the hardness of the composite.
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