| 1. |
- Sodergren, Erica, et al.
(författare)
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The genome of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus.
- 2006
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Ingår i: Science. - : American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). - 1095-9203 .- 0036-8075. ; 314:5801, s. 941-52
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We report the sequence and analysis of the 814-megabase genome of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, a model for developmental and systems biology. The sequencing strategy combined whole-genome shotgun and bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) sequences. This use of BAC clones, aided by a pooling strategy, overcame difficulties associated with high heterozygosity of the genome. The genome encodes about 23,300 genes, including many previously thought to be vertebrate innovations or known only outside the deuterostomes. This echinoderm genome provides an evolutionary outgroup for the chordates and yields insights into the evolution of deuterostomes.
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| 2. |
- Calder, Philip C, et al.
(författare)
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Early nutrition and immunity - progress and perspectives.
- 2006
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Ingår i: The British journal of nutrition. - 0007-1145. ; 96:4, s. 774-90
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The immune system exists to protect the host against pathogenic organisms and highly complex pathways of recognition, response, elimination and memory have evolved in order to fulfil this role. The immune system also acts to ensure tolerance to 'self', to food and other environmental components, and to commensal bacteria. A breakdown in the tolerogenic pathways can also lead to inflammatory diseases. The prevalence of inflammatory diseases, including atopic disorders, has increased over the last 60 years. The development of tolerance is the result of active immune mechanisms and both development and maintenance of tolerance are lifelong processes which start very early in life, even prenatally. Profound immunologic changes occur during pregnancy, involving a polarization of T helper (Th) cells towards a dominance of Th2 and regulatory T cell effector responses in both mother and fetus. This situation is important to maintain pregnancy through avoidance of the rejection of the immunologically incompatible fetus. During the third trimester of human pregnancy, fetal T cells are able to mount antigen-specific responses to environmental and food-derived antigens and antigen-specific T cells are detectable in cord blood in virtually all newborns indicating in utero sensitization. If the neonatal immune system is not able to down-regulate the pre-existing Th2 dominance effectively then an allergic phenotype may develop. Changes occur at, and soon after, birth in order that the immune system of the neonate becomes competent and functional and that the gut becomes colonized with bacteria. Exposure to bacteria during birth and from the mother's skin and the provision of immunologic factors in breast milk are amongst the key events that promote maturation of the infant's gut and gut-associated and systemic immune systems. The introduction of formula and of solid foods exposes the infant to novel food antigens and also affects the gut flora. Nutrition may be the source of antigens to which the immune system must become tolerant, provide factors, including nutrients, that themselves might modulate immune maturation and responses, and provide factors that influence intestinal flora, which in turn will affect antigen exposure, immune maturation and immune responses. Through these mechanisms it is possible that nutrition early in life might affect later immune competence, the ability to mount an appropriate immune response upon infection, the ability to develop a tolerogenic response to 'self' and to benign environmental antigens, and the development of immunologic disorders. A Workshop held in February 2006 considered recent findings in the areas of oral tolerance, routes of sensitization to allergens and factors affecting the development of atopic disease; factors influencing the maturation of dendritic cells and the development of regulatory T cells; the influence of gut microflora on immunity, allergic sensitization and infectious disease; the role of nutrition in preventing necrotizing enterocolitis in an animal model of preterm birth; and the role of PUFA of different classes in influencing immune responses and in shaping the development of atopic disease. This report summarizes the content of the lectures and the subsequent discussions.
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| 3. |
- Cornelissen, Johannes H C, et al.
(författare)
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Global negative vegetation feedback to climate warming responses of leaf litter decomposition rates in cold biomes
- 2007
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Ingår i: Ecology Letters. - : Wiley. - 1461-023X .- 1461-0248. ; 10:7, s. 619-627
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Whether climate change will turn cold biomes from large long-term carbon sinks into sources is hotly debated because of the great potential for ecosystem-mediated feedbacks to global climate. Critical are the direction, magnitude and generality of climate responses of plant litter decomposition. Here, we present the first quantitative analysis of the major climate-change-related drivers of litter decomposition rates in cold northern biomes worldwide.Leaf litters collected from the predominant species in 33 global change manipulation experiments in circum-arctic-alpine ecosystems were incubated simultaneously in two contrasting arctic life zones. We demonstrate that longer-term, large-scale changes to leaf litter decomposition will be driven primarily by both direct warming effects and concomitant shifts in plant growth form composition, with a much smaller role for changes in litter quality within species. Specifically, the ongoing warming-induced expansion of shrubs with recalcitrant leaf litter across cold biomes would constitute a negative feedback to global warming. Depending on the strength of other (previously reported) positive feedbacks of shrub expansion on soil carbon turnover, this may partly counteract direct warming enhancement of litter decomposition.
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| 4. |
- Hau, Stephan, 1960-, et al.
(författare)
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Die Frankfurter Präventionsstudie. Zur psychischen und psychosozialen Integration von verhaltensauffälligen Kindern (insbesondere von ADHS) im Kindergartenalter - ein Arbeitsbericht.
- 2006
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Ingår i: ADHS - Frühprävention statt Medikalisierung. Theorie, Forschung, Kontroversen.. - Göttingen : Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. - 9783525451786 - 3525451784 ; , s. 238-269
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Wie soll ADHS behandelt werden? Dieses Buch setzt sich auf fachlich-wissenschaftlicher Ebene sowohl mit der Diagnose als auch mit der Behandlung von ADHS auseinander. Die einen plädieren für einen verstehenden und therapeutischen Umgang mit dem betroffenen Kind, während andere in einer medikamentösen Behandlung das Mittel der Wahl sehen.Das Aufmerksamkeits-Defizit-Hyperaktivitäts-Syndrom (ADHS) ist heutzutage eine weitverbreitete Diagnose, mancherorts für fast alle kindlichen Schwierigkeiten im Vorschul- und Grundschulalter. Die Erklärungen reichen von Störungen des Hirnstoffwechsels, Frühverwahrlosungen, psychischen oder psychosozialen Regulationsstörungen bis hin zu Hochbegabungen. Bei den Präventions- und Therapieangeboten gehen die Empfehlungen weit auseinander. Für die einen ist ein verstehender Zugang zum einzelnen Kind und seiner Lebenssituation der richtige Weg, während andere in einer medikamentösen Behandlung die Lösung des Problems sehen. Diese Sichtweise hat in den letzten zehn Jahren enormen Auftrieb erhalten. Die Autoren dieses Bandes problematisieren und diskutieren eine drohende Medikalisierung sozialer Probleme. Sie greifen aktuelle Kontroversen auf und plädieren für eine sorgfältige Diagnostik sowie für eine professionelle Zusammenarbeit aller beteiligten Experten bei der Therapie der betroffenen Kinder.
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| 5. |
- Leachman, Sancy A., et al.
(författare)
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Selection criteria for genetic assessment of patients with familial melanoma
- 2009
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Ingår i: Journal of American Academy of Dermatology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0190-9622. ; 61:4, s. 677-684
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Approximately 5% to 10% of melanoma may be hereditary in nature, and about 2% of melanoma can be specifically attributed to pathogenic germline mutations in cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A (CDKN2A). To appropriately identify the small proportion of patients Who benefit most from referral to a genetics specialist for consideration of genetic testing for CDKN2A, We have reviewed available published studies of CDKN2A mutation analysis in cohorts with invasive, cutaneous melanoma and found variability in the rate of CDKN2A mutations based on geography, ethnicity, and the type of study and eligibility criteria used. Except in regions of high melanoma incidence, such as Australia, we found higher rates of CDKN2A positivity in individuals with 3 or more primary invasive melanomas and/or families with at least one invasive melanoma and two or more other diagnoses of invasive melanoma and/or pancreatic cancer among first- or second-degree relatives on the same side of the family. The Work summarized in this review should help identify individuals who are appropriate candidates for referral for genetic consultation and possible testing. (J Am Acad Dermatol 2009;61:677-84.)
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| 6. |
- Andersson, Christian X, 1973, et al.
(författare)
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Shedding and gamma-Secretase mediated intramembrane proteolysis of the mucin-type molecule CD43
- 2005
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Ingår i: Biochem J.. ; 387:2, s. 377-384
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- CD43 is a transmembrane molecule that contains a 123-aminoacids-long cytoplasmic tail and a highly O-glycosylated extracellular domain of mucin type. Endogenous CD43 expressed in COLO 205, K562 and Jurkat cells revealed a membrane-associated, 20 kDa CD43-specific cytoplasmic tail fragment (CD43-CTF) upon inhibition of gamma-secretase. This fragment was formed by an extracellular cleavage, as it was not accumulated after treating cells with 1,10-phenanthroline, a metalloprotease inhibitor. When CD43 was transfected into HEK-293 cells expressing dominant-negative PS1 (presenilin-1), the CD43-CTF was accumulated, but not in cells with wild-type PS1. Owing to its accumulation in the presence of a non-functional PS variant, it may thus be a novel gamma-secretase substrate. This CTF is formed by an extracellular cleavage close to the membrane, is a fragment that can be concluded to be a substrate for gamma-secretase. However, the intracellular gamma-secretase product has not been possible to detect, suggesting a quick processing of this product. During normal growth the CTF was not found without gamma-secretase inhibition, but when the cells (COLO 205) were very confluent the fragment could be detected. The intracellular domain of CD43 has previously been shown to contain a functional nuclear localization signal, and has been suggested to be involved in gene activation. From this and the present results, a novel way to explain how mucin-type molecules may transduce intracellular signals can be proposed.
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| 7. |
- Bishop, D. Timothy, et al.
(författare)
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Genome-wide association study identifies three loci associated with melanoma risk
- 2009
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Ingår i: Nature Genetics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1546-1718 .- 1061-4036. ; 41:8, s. 920-925
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We report a genome-wide association study of melanoma conducted by the GenoMEL consortium based on 317K tagging SNPs for 1,650 selected cases and 4,336 controls, with replication in an additional two cohorts (1,149 selected cases and 964 controls from GenoMEL, and a population-based case-control study in Leeds of 1,163 cases and 903 controls). The genome-wide screen identified five loci with genotyped or imputed SNPs reaching P < 5 x 10(-7). Three of these loci were replicated: 16q24 encompassing MC1R (combined P = 2.54 x 10(-27) for rs258322), 11q14-q21 encompassing TYR (P = 2.41 x 10(-14) for rs1393350) and 9p21 adjacent to MTAP and flanking CDKN2A (P = 4.03 x 10(-7) for rs7023329). MC1R and TYR are associated with pigmentation, freckling and cutaneous sun sensitivity, well-recognized melanoma risk factors. Common variants within the 9p21 locus have not previously been associated with melanoma. Despite wide variation in allele frequency, these genetic variants show notable homogeneity of effect across populations of European ancestry living at different latitudes and show independent association to disease risk.
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| 8. |
- Bonjer, H. Jacob, et al.
(författare)
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Laparoscopically assisted vs open colectomy for colon cancer : a meta-analysis
- 2007
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Ingår i: Archives of surgery (Chicago. 1960). - 0004-0010 .- 1538-3644. ; 142:3, s. 298-303
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: To perform a meta-analysis of trials randomizing patients with colon cancer to laparoscopically assisted or open colectomy to enhance the power in determining whether laparoscopic colectomy for cancer is oncologically safe. DATA SOURCES: The databases of the Barcelona, Clinical Outcomes of Surgical Therapy (COST), Colon Cancer Laparoscopic or Open Resection (COLOR), and Conventional vs Laparoscopic-Assisted Surgery in Patients With Colorectal Cancer (CLASICC) trials were the data sources for the study. STUDY SELECTION: Patients who had at least 3 years of complete follow-up data were selected. DATA EXTRACTION: Patients who had undergone curative surgery before March 1, 2000, were studied. Three-year disease-free survival and overall survival were the primary outcomes of this analysis. DATA SYNTHESIS: Of 1765 patients, 229 were excluded, leaving 796 patients in the laparoscopically assisted arm and 740 patients in the open arm for analysis. Three-year disease-free survival rates in the laparoscopically assisted and open arms were 75.8% and 75.3%, respectively (95% confidence interval [CI] of the difference, -5% to 4%). The associated common hazard ratio (laparoscopically assisted vs open surgery with adjustment for sex, age, and stage) was 0.99 (95% CI, 0.80-1.22; P = .92). The 3-year overall survival rate after laparoscopic surgery was 82.2% and after open surgery was 83.5% (95% CI of the difference, -3% to 5%). The associated hazard ratio was 1.07 (95% CI, 0.83-1.37; P = .61). Disease-free and overall survival rates for stages I, II, and III evaluated separately did not differ between the 2 treatments. CONCLUSION: Laparoscopically assisted colectomy for cancer is oncologically safe.
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| 9. |
- Brose, Ulrich, et al.
(författare)
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Body sizes of consumers and their resources
- 2005
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Ingår i: Ecology. - : Ecological Society of America. - 0012-9658 .- 1939-9170. ; 86:9, s. 2545-2545
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Trophic information—who eats whom—and species’ body sizes are two of the most basic descriptions necessary to understand community structure as well as ecological and evolutionary dynamics. Consumer–resource body size ratios between predators and their prey, and parasitoids and their hosts, have recently gained increasing attention due to their important implications for species’ interaction strengths and dynamical population stability. This data set documents body sizes of consumers and their resources. We gathered body size data for the food webs of Skipwith Pond, a parasitoid community of grass-feeding chalcid wasps in British grasslands; the pelagic community of the Benguela system, a source web based on broom in the United Kingdom; Broadstone Stream, UK; the Grand Caric¸aie marsh at Lake Neuchaˆtel, Switzerland; Tuesday Lake, USA; alpine lakes in the Sierra Nevada of California; Mill Stream, UK; and the eastern Weddell Sea Shelf, Antarctica. Further consumer–resource body size data are included for planktonic predators, predatory nematodes, parasitoids, marine fish predators, freshwater invertebrates, Australian terrestrial consumers, and aphid parasitoids. Containing 16 807 records, this is the largest data set ever compiled for body sizes of consumers and their resources. In addition to body sizes, the data set includes information on consumer and resource taxonomy, the geographic location of the study, the habitat studied, the type of the feeding interaction (e.g., predacious, parasitic) and the metabolic categories of the species (e.g., invertebrate, ectotherm vertebrate). The present data set was gathered with the intent to stimulate research on effects of consumer–resource body size patterns on food-web structure, interaction-strength distributions, population dynamics, and community stability. The use of a common data set may facilitate cross-study comparisons and understanding of the relationships between different scientific approaches and models.
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| 10. |
- Chang, Yu-mei, et al.
(författare)
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A pooled analysis of Melanocytic nevus phenotype and the risk of cutaneous melanoma at different latitudes
- 2009
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Ingår i: International Journal of Cancer. - : Wiley. - 0020-7136 .- 1097-0215. ; 124:2, s. 420-428
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- An abnormal nevus phenotype is associated with an increased risk of melanoma. We report a pooled analysis conducted using individual nevus data from 15 case-control studies (5,421 melanoma cases and 6,966 controls). The aims were to quantify the risk better and to determine whether relative risk is varied by latitude. Bayesian unconditional logistic random coefficients models were employed to study the risk associated with nevus characteristics. Participants with whole body nevus counts in the highest of 4 population-based categories had a greatly increased risk of melanoma compared with those in the lowest category (pooled odds ratio (pOR) 6.9 (95% confidence interval (CI): 4.4, 1.1.2) for those aged <50 years and pOR 5.1 (95% CI: 3.6, 7.5) for those aged >= 50). The pOR for presence compared with absence of any clinically atypical nevi was 4.0 (95 % CI: 2.8, 5.8). The pORs for 1-2 and >= 3 large nevi on the body compared with none were 2.9 (95% CI: 1.9, 4.3) and 7.1 (95% CI: 4.7, 11.6), respectively. The relative heterogeneities among studies were small for most measures of nevus phenotype, except for the analysis of nevus counts on the arms, which may have been due to methodological differences among studies. The pooled analysis also suggested that an abnormal nevus phenotype is associated most with melanomas on intermittently sun-exposed sites. The presence of increased numbers of nevi, large nevi and clinically atypical nevi on the body are robust risk factors for melanoma showing little variation in relative risk among studies performed at different latitudes. (C) 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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