| 1. |
- Aamodt, K., et al.
(författare)
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The ALICE experiment at the CERN LHC
- 2008
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Ingår i: Journal of Instrumentation. - 1748-0221. ; 3:S08002
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- ALICE (A Large Ion Collider Experiment) is a general-purpose, heavy-ion detector at the CERN LHC which focuses on QCD, the strong-interaction sector of the Standard Model. It is designed to address the physics of strongly interacting matter and the quark-gluon plasma at extreme values of energy density and temperature in nucleus-nucleus collisions. Besides running with Pb ions, the physics programme includes collisions with lighter ions, lower energy running and dedicated proton-nucleus runs. ALICE will also take data with proton beams at the top LHC energy to collect reference data for the heavy-ion programme and to address several QCD topics for which ALICE is complementary to the other LHC detectors. The ALICE detector has been built by a collaboration including currently over 1000 physicists and engineers from 105 Institutes in 30 countries, Its overall dimensions are 16 x 16 x 26 m(3) with a total weight of approximately 10 000 t. The experiment consists of 18 different detector systems each with its own specific technology choice and design constraints, driven both by the physics requirements and the experimental conditions expected at LHC. The most stringent design constraint is to cope with the extreme particle multiplicity anticipated in central Pb-Pb collisions. The different subsystems were optimized to provide high-momentum resolution as well as excellent Particle Identification (PID) over a broad range in momentum, up to the highest multiplicities predicted for LHC. This will allow for comprehensive studies of hadrons, electrons, muons, and photons produced in the collision of heavy nuclei. Most detector systems are scheduled to be installed and ready for data taking by mid-2008 when the LHC is scheduled to start operation, with the exception of parts of the Photon Spectrometer (PHOS), Transition Radiation Detector (TRD) and Electro Magnetic Calorimeter (EMCal). These detectors will be completed for the high-luminosity ion run expected in 2010. This paper describes in detail the detector components as installed for the first data taking in the summer of 2008.
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| 4. |
- Harrington, Robert A., et al.
(författare)
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The Thrombin Receptor Antagonist for Clinical Event Reduction in Acute Coronary Syndrome (TRA.CER) trial : study design and rationale
- 2009
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Ingår i: American Heart Journal. - : Elsevier BV. - 0002-8703 .- 1097-6744. ; 158:3, s. 327-334
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background The protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR-1), the main platelet receptor for thrombin, represents a novel target for treatment of arterial thrombosis, and SCH 530348 is an orally active, selective, competitive PAR-1 antagonist. We designed TRA.CER to evaluate the efficacy and safety of SCH 530348 compared with placebo in addition to standard of care in patients with non-ST-segment elevation (NSTE) acute coronary syndromes (ACS) and high-risk features. Trial design TRA.CER is a prospective, randomized, double-blind, multicenter, phase III trial with an original estimated sample size of 10,000 subjects. Our primary objective is to demonstrate that SCH 530348 in addition to standard of care will reduce the incidence of the composite of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, recurrent ischemia with rehospitalization, and urgent coronary revascularization compared with standard of care alone. Our key secondary objective is to determine whether SCH 530348 will reduce the composite of cardiovascular death, MI, or stroke compared with standard of care alone. Secondary objectives related to safety are the composite of moderate and severe GUSTO bleeding and clinically significant TIMI bleeding. The trial will continue until a predetermined minimum number of centrally adjudicated primary and key secondary end point events have occurred and all subjects have participated in the study for at least I year. The TRA.CER trial is part of the large phase III SCH 530348 development program that includes a concomitant evaluation in secondary prevention. Conclusion TRA.CER will define efficacy and safety of the novel platelet PAR-1 inhibitor SCH 530348 in the treatment of high-risk patients with NSTE ACS in the setting of current treatment strategies.
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| 5. |
- Johansson, Jonas, 1972-, et al.
(författare)
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On thermomechanical durability analysis combined with computational fluid dynamics thermal analysis
- 2007
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Ingår i: Proceedings of IMECE2007. - : American Society of Mechanical Engineers. - 0791842991 ; , s. 233-240
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Results are presented on durability analysis of an electronic module subjected to thermal and power cycles, and vibration. A hierarchical analysis process for analyzing the durability of the module is described. The initial step is a transient thermal analysis of the unit in which the module is located. The three operating modes of the unit are modeled and analyzed using a commercially available computational fluid dynamics (CFD) tool. The tool generates a time history of the temperature at all points within the unit and module.The second step comprises exporting temperatures from the transient temperature analysis to a durability prediction tool. The temperatures calculated by the global analysis are mapped to the printed wiring assembly (PWA) mounted within the box, yielding the temperature distribution of the PWA as functions of time. The durability tool utilizes a modified Coffin Manson formula together with the transient temperature profile to estimate the durability of each lead and solder joint included in the module. Thermomechanical fatigue level of leads and solder joints within the unit are reported as a cumulative damage index (CDI). The CDI is the ratio of the number of cycles required for the test item to endure under a life time to the number of cycles the item is predicted to sustain before failure.Durability analysis of solder joint due to vibration is performed separately. The environment is specified according to the location where the unit is mounted. CDI due to vibration is added to form an overall CDI based on Miner’s rule.
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| 6. |
- Jung, Stefan, et al.
(författare)
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Partial melting of diverse crustal sources - Constraints from Sr-Nd-O isotope compositions of quartz diorite-granodiorite-leucogranite associations (Kaoko Belt, Namibia)
- 2009
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Ingår i: Lithos. - : Elsevier BV. - 1872-6143 .- 0024-4937. ; 111:3-4, s. 236-251
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Torrabaai-Koigabmond Complex (southern Kaoko Belt, Namibia) consists of three main intrusive rock types including metaluminous hornblende- and titanite-bearing quartz diorites, metaluminous hornblende- and biotite-bearing granodiorites and peraluminous garnet- and muscovite-bearing leucogranites. Uranium-Pb zircon data obtained on the granodiorites and leucogranites indicate concordia upper intercept ages of 553 +/- 40 Ma although Pb-207/Pb-206 ages of ca. 650 Ma in zircon from the granodiorites suggest some inheritance of older material. Uranium-Pb monazite data obtained on the leucogranites give concordant ages of 550 Ma +/- 3 Ma. These ages are similar to the Rb-87/Sr-86 whole rock age of 584 +/- 35 Ma obtained on the granodiorites and leucogranites although the Rb-Sr age seems to be biased towards older ages due to limited assimilation of older material. In contrast to other plutonic complexes from the Kaoko Belt, the quartz diorites, granodiorites and granites show a restricted range in their initial Nd, Sr and O isotope compositions (quartz diorites: epsilon(Nd) ((init.)): -5.4 to -6.7; delta O-18: 8.3-9.4 parts per thousand; Sr-87/Sr-86: 0.7081-0.7098; granodiorites: epsilon(Nd) ((init.)): -6.1 to -7.7; delta O-18: 9.9-10.9 parts per thousand; Sr-87/Sr-86: 0.7071-0.7105; leucogranites: epsilon(Nd) ((init)): -4.9 to -8.7; delta O-18: 9.8-11.3 parts per thousand; Sr-87/Sr-86: 0.7060-0.7125). Enclaves are found in the granodiorites and leucogranites but not in the quartz diorites. They have a granodioritic composition with quartz, plagioclase, K-feldspar and hornblende and some have additional garnet. Relative to the country rock gneisses (the so called Nk Formation), enclaves are depleted in SiO2, Na2O, K2O, Sr, Ba and enriched in CaO, FeO(total), MgO, TiO2, Sc, V, Cr, Ni, Rb and Y. Rare garnet-bearing enclaves are additionally depleted in LREE and enriched in HREE relative to the granodiorites. These features are qualitatively consistent with the hypothesis that these enclaves may represent moderately depleted melting residues of Nk Formation gneisses. In comparison with experimentally derived melts and based on low Al2O3/ (FeO + MgO + TiO2) ratios and high Al2O3 + FeO + MgO + TiO2 values it is suggested that the quartz diorites are generated by dehydration melting of a mafic, amphibole- and plagioclase-bearing lower crustal source of Pan-African age. The granodiorites likely represent fractionation products of the quartz diorites. However, it is also possible that the granodiorites represent partial melting products of a mafic to intermediate lower crustal source but experienced likely slightly lower degrees of melting probably at water present conditions. The leucogranites display higher Al2O3/ (FeO + MgO + TiO2) ratios but lower Al2O3 + FeO + MgO + TiO2 values and are most likely generated by biotite dehydration melting of felsic crustal sources. Major and trace element and isotope variations indicate that fractional crystallization with only limited crustal contamination was the major rock-forming mechanism. it is suggested that most of the isotope variation reflects pre-existing heterogeneities of the sources. Consequently, interpretation of geochemicaland isotope data from the complex suggests that the Pan-African igneous activity in this part of the Damara-Kaoko Belt was not a major crust-forming episode and all rock types represent reprocessed crustal material. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 7. |
- Klionsky, Daniel J., et al.
(författare)
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Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy in higher eukaryotes
- 2008
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Ingår i: Autophagy. - : Landes Bioscience. - 1554-8627 .- 1554-8635. ; 4:2, s. 151-175
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Research in autophagy continues to accelerate,1 and as a result many new scientists are entering the field. Accordingly, it is important to establish a standard set of criteria for monitoring macroautophagy in different organisms. Recent reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose.2,3 There are many useful and convenient methods that can be used to monitor macroautophagy in yeast, but relatively few in other model systems, and there is much confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure macroautophagy in higher eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers of autophagosomes versus those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway; thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from fully functional autophagy that includes delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of the methods that can be used by investigators who are attempting to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as by reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that investigate these processes. This set of guidelines is not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to verify an autophagic response.
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| 8. |
- Ovchinnikova, Olga, et al.
(författare)
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Osteoprotegerin promotes fibrous cap formation in atherosclerotic lesions of ApoE-deficient mice--brief report.
- 2009
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Ingår i: Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis and Vascular Biology. - 1079-5642 .- 1524-4636. ; 29:10, s. 1478-1480
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: Osteoprotegerin (OPG) is a tumor necrosis factor receptor-related cytokine, initially found to inhibit osteoclastogenesis. In the present study we investigated the effect of OPG treatment on atherosclerosis. METHODS AND RESULTS: Hypercholesterolemic apoe(-/-) mice were treated with recombinant 15 mg/kg OPG or vehicle injections twice a week for 10 consecutive weeks. Mice treated with OPG showed increased amounts of smooth muscle cells and collagen within the atherosclerotic lesions. OPG treatment did not affect atherosclerotic lesion size (8.2% versus 7.6%) or total vessel area but led to a 250% increase in lesion collagen, formation of mature collagen fibers in subendothelial fibrous caps, and upregulated mRNA for lysyl oxidase that promotes collagen crosslinking. In cell culture studies, OPG promoted cell proliferation in rat aortic smooth muscle cells. In contrast, OPG treatment did not affect markers of vascular or systemic inflammation. CONCLUSIONS: OPG treatment promotes smooth muscle accumulation, collagen fiber formation, and development of fibrous caps but does not affect inflammatory properties of atherosclerotic lesions. Its effects may contribute to plaque stabilization.
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