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- Sitch, S, et al.
(författare)
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Evaluation of ecosystem dynamics, plant geography and terrestrial carbon cycling in the LPJ dynamic global vegetation model
- 2003
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Ingår i: Global Change Biology. - : Wiley. - 1354-1013. ; 9:2, s. 161-185
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Lund-Potsdam-Jena Dynamic Global Vegetation Model (LPJ) combines process-based, large-scale representations of terrestrial vegetation dynamics and land-atmosphere carbon and water exchanges in a modular framework. Features include feedback through canopy conductance between photosynthesis and transpiration and interactive coupling between these 'fast' processes and other ecosystem processes including resource competition, tissue turnover, population dynamics, soil organic matter and litter dynamics and fire disturbance. Ten plants functional types (PFTs) are differentiated by physiological, morphological, phenological, bioclimatic and fire-response attributes. Resource competition and differential responses to fire between PFTs influence their relative fractional cover from year to year. Photosynthesis, evapotranspiration and soil water dynamics are modelled on a daily time step, while vegetation structure and PFT population densities are updated annually. Simulations have been made over the industrial period both for specific sites where field measurements were available for model evaluation, and globally on a 0.5degrees x 0.5degrees grid. Modelled vegetation patterns are consistent with observations, including remotely sensed vegetation structure and phenology. Seasonal cycles of net ecosystem exchange and soil moisture compare well with local measurements. Global carbon exchange fields used as input to an atmospheric tracer transport model (TM2) provided a good fit to observed seasonal cycles of CO2 concentration at all latitudes. Simulated inter-annual variability of the global terrestrial carbon balance is in phase with and comparable in amplitude to observed variability in the growth rate of atmospheric CO2 . Global terrestrial carbon and water cycle parameters (pool sizes and fluxes) lie within their accepted ranges. The model is being used to study past, present and future terrestrial ecosystem dynamics, biochemical and biophysical interactions between ecosystems and the atmosphere, and as a component of coupled Earth system models.
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| 4. |
- Kaplan, Alexander, et al.
(författare)
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Keyhole laser spot welding
- 2002
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Ingår i: Congress proceedings. - Orlando, Fla : Laser institute of America. - 0912035722
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Based upon a literature survey, a review is presented highlighting areas of research carried out into keyhole laser spot welding. The survey looks at parametric effects on weld geometry, types and formation of weld defects, the welding thermal cycle, pulse shaping, the use of image processing to investigate the process and modelling and simulation of processes such as the drilling and collapse of the keyhole and porosity formation.
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| 5. |
- Kaplan, Alexander, et al.
(författare)
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Modelling of keyhole spot welding
- 2003
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 16th Meeting on Modelling, Simulation, Virtuality in High Power Laser Technology, M4PL 16.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)
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| 6. |
- Kaplan, Alexander, et al.
(författare)
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On the mechanism of pore formation during keyhole laser spot welding
- 2003
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Ingår i: First Internaional Symposium on High-Power Laser Macroprocessing. - Bellingham, Wash : SPIE - International Society for Optical Engineering. - 0819446025 ; , s. 186-191
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- An experimental and theoretical study was carried out to investigate the keyhole collapse and pore formation in keyhole laser spot welding; based on this a process theory was developed. Laser spot welding experiments were carried out mainly in liquid zinc (to simplify the investigation); X-ray imaging was used to observe keyhole behaviour i.e. collapse following switching off of the laser beam. A semi analytical mathematical model was used to simulate keyhole collapse taking into account a number of physical processes. The experimental results and mathematical analysis were used to determine the different process phases occurring during keyhole collapse, also indicating the timescales involved: post-vaporisation, excess keyhole vapour relaxation flow, inertia driven collapse, bubble contraction, recondensation, and rising and resolidification.
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| 8. |
- Klump, KL, et al.
(författare)
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Personality characteristics of women before and after recovery from an eating disorder
- 2004
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Ingår i: Psychological medicine. - : Cambridge University Press (CUP). - 0033-2917 .- 1469-8978. ; 34:8, s. 1407-1418
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background. Previous studies of personality characteristics in women with eating disorders primarily have focused on women who are acutely ill. This study compares personality characteristics among women who are ill with eating disorders, recovered from eating disorders, and those without eating or other Axis I disorder pathology.Method. Female participants were assessed for personality characteristics using the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI): 122 with anorexia nervosa (AN; 77 ill, 45 recovered), 279 with bulimia nervosa (BN; 194 ill, 85 recovered), 267 with lifetime histories of both anorexia and bulimia nervosa (AN+BN; 194 ill, 73 recovered), 63 with eating disorder not otherwise specified (EDNOS; 31 ill, 32 recovered), and 507 without eating or Axis I disorder pathology.Results. Women ill with all types of eating disorders exhibited several TCI score differences from control women, particularly in the areas of novelty-seeking, harm avoidance, self-directedness, and cooperativeness. Interestingly, women recovered from eating disorders reported higher levels of harm avoidance and lower self-directedness and cooperativeness scores than did normal control women.Conclusions. Women with eating disorders in both the ill and recovered state show higher levels of harm avoidance and lower self-directedness and cooperativeness scores than normal control women. Although findings suggest that disturbances may be trait-related and contribute to the disorders' pathogenesis, additional research with more representative community controls, rather than our pre-screened, normal controls, is needed to confirm these impressions.
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| 10. |
- Wamala, S. P, et al.
(författare)
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Women's exposure to early and later life socioeconomic disadvantage and coronary heart disease risk : the Stockholm Female Coronary Risk Study
- 2001
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Ingår i: International Journal of Epidemiology. - Karolinska Inst, Dept Publ Hlth Sci, Div Prevent Med, S-17176 Stockholm, Sweden. Univ Michigan, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. : OXFORD UNIV PRESS. - 0300-5771 .- 1464-3685. ; 30:2, s. 275-284
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background Measures of low socioeconomic position have been associated with increased risk for coronary heart disease (CHD) among women. A more complete understanding of this association is gained when socioeconomic position is conceptualized from a life course perspective where socioeconomic position is measured both in early and later life. We examined various life course socioeconomic indicators in relation to CHD risk among women. Methods The Stockholm Female Coronary Risk Study is a population-based case-control study, in which 292 women with CHD aged less than or equal to 65 years and 292 age-matched controls were investigated using a wide range of socioeconomic, behavioural, psychosocial and physiological risk factors. Socioeconomic disadvantage in early life (large family size in childhood, being born last, low education), and in later life (housewife or blue-collar occupation at labour force entry blue-collar occupation at examination, economic hardships prior to examination) was assessed. Results Exposure to early (OR = 2.65, 95% CI : 1.12-6.54) or later (OR = 5.38, 95% CI : 2.01-11.43) life socioeconomic disadvantage was associated with increased CHD risk as compared to not being exposed. After simultaneous adjustment for marital status and traditional CHD risk factors, early and later socioeconomic disadvantage, exposure to three instances of socioeconomic disadvantage in early life was associated with an increased CHD risk of 2.48 (95% CI:0.90-6.83) as compared to not being exposed to any disadvantage. The corresponding adjusted risk associated with exposure to later life disadvantage was 3.22 (95% CI : 1.02-10.53). Further analyses did not show statistical evidence of interaction effects between early and later life exposures (P = 0.12), although being exposed to both resulted in a 4.2-fold (95% CI: 1.4-12.1) increased CHD risk. Exposure to cumulative socioeconomic disadvantage (combining both early and later life), across all stages in the life course showed strong, graded associations with CHD risk after adjusting for traditional CHD risk factors. Stratification of cumulative disadvantage by body height showed that exposure to more than three periods of cumulative socioeconomic disadvantage had a 1.7- (95% CI : 0.9-3.2) and 1.9-(95% CI : 1.0-7.7) fold increased CHD risk for taller and shorter women, respectively. The combination of both short stature and more than two periods of cumulative socioeconomic disadvantage resulted in a 4.4-fold (95% CI : 1.7-9.3) increased CHD risk. Conclusions Both early and later exposure to socioeconomic disadvantage were associated with increased CHD risk in women. Later life exposure seems to be more harmful for women's cardiovascular health than early life exposure to socioeconomic disadvantage. However, being exposed to socioeconomic disadvantage in both early and later life magnified the risk for CHD in women. Cumulative exposure to socioeconomic disadvantage resulted in greater likelihood of CHD risk, even among women who were above median height. In terms of better understanding health inequalities among women, measures of socioeconomic disadvantage over the life course are both conceptually and empirically superior to using socioeconomic indicators from one point in time.
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