| 1. |
- Flygare, Annika, et al.
(författare)
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Ultrasound measurements of subcutaneous adipose tissue in infants are reproducible
- 1999
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Ingår i: Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition - Jpgn. - 1536-4801. ; 28:5, s. 492-494
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ultrasound technique for measuring subcutaneous adipose tissue in infants. METHODS: Twenty infants were investigated at 3, 6, and 12 months of age. All measurements were made by the same investigator in triplicate on the left side of the body at the triceps and subscapular anatomic landmarks and at the abdomen and thigh. An ultrasound system equipped with a linear 7.0-MHz transducer was used. RESULTS: The intraclass correlation coefficients were 0.88 to 0.99. Random errors ranged from 0.01 to 0.19 mm. For log-transformed values, the random error ranged from 2.4% to 5.7%. CONCLUSIONS: Measurements of subcutaneous fat in infants using ultrasound are reproducible when performed by the same observer.
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| 2. |
- Karlsland Åkeson, Pia, et al.
(författare)
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Growth and nutrient intake in three- to twelve-month-old infants fed human milk or formulas with varying protein concentrations
- 1998
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Ingår i: Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition - Jpgn. - : Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health). - 1536-4801 .- 0277-2116. ; 26:1, s. 1-8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Results on growth and nutrient intake in infants in the second half of infancy fed human milk or formulas with varying protein concentrations in combination with supplementary foods have not previously been reported. Methods: Seventy-one healthy infants were studied from 3 to 12 months of age. They were exclusively breast-fed until 3 months and were then randomly assigned to one of three feeding groups, F13, F15, or F18, indicating formulas with 13, 15 or 18 g/l of protein, respectively. Formula was gradually introduced when breast-feeding was terminated. Infants fed breast milk only were included in the breast-fed group, and those with breast milk and formula were included in the mixed-fed group. The same supplementary foods were provided to all infants. Results: There were no differences in growth between the feeding groups. Total protein intake exceeded minimum recommendations in all groups at all ages and was higher at 6 months in F18 than in F13 (2.3 vs. 1.9 g/kg per day; p < 0.01), whereas formula protein intake was higher at all ages in F18 compared with F13. Intake of protein from supplementary foods increased, but that from formula decreased between 6 and 12 months in all groups. Conclusions: Intake of breast milk or infant formula with 13 g/l of protein along with high-protein supplementary foods provided enough protein with no adverse effect on growth. Infants fed formulas with higher protein concentrations had similar growth, despite higher intakes of formula protein.
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| 3. |
- Karlsland Åkeson, Pia
(författare)
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Nutrition in infancy - Clinical studies on dietary intake, metabolism and growth
- 1999
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Nutrition in infancy - Clinical studies on dietary intake, metabolism and growth Our aims were to try to determine an appropriate formula protein concentration to be used during the second half of infancy and to evaluate the effects on plasma lipids when breast milk was exchanged for formula and/or weaning foods. Both aspects were studied with special regard to the influence of traditional weaning foods. Nutrient intake, protein and fat metabolism, and growth were studied from 3 to 12 months in Swedish and Italian infants. Breast milk was gradually exchanged for formula with the same fat but different protein concentrations (13, 15 or 18/20 g/l) and given together with Swedish or Mediterranean weaning foods. Swedish infants given the lowest protein (13 g/l) formula had lower total dietary intake of protein and indices of protein metabolism more similar to those of breast-fed infants in mid-infancy compared with infants assigned to higher protein (15-18 g/l) formulas. Sufficient amounts of protein was provided to Swedish and Italian infants, since serum proteins and growth were normal in both populations. However, plasma concentrations of some essential amino acids were lower in Italian infants fed low-protein formula, despite higher protein intake. This may indicate that dietary protein from Italian weaning foods was less available in mid-infancy compared with protein from Swedish weaning foods. Dietary intake of protein was found to be associated with plasma levels of insulin-releasing amino acids, with renal excretion of C-peptide from insulin synthesis and also with growth. High dietary supply of protein may probably increase growth by promoting insulin release during infancy. Swedish breast-fed infants had higher plasma cholesterol than those fed formula, possibly since breast milk provides much saturated fat, more cholesterol and less unsaturated fat than formula. These differences decreased during the second half of infancy, when more weaning foods were provided. Moreover, residual effects of breast milk on the plasma lipid profile were lost soon after the termination of breast-feeding. Plasma lipids were lower in Italian infants at 6 and 12 months of age, partly since Italian weaning foods – and possibly also breast milk – differed in lipid composition from Swedish ones. Higher protein and lower fat and energy contents of Italian compared with Swedish weaning foods, may explain why Italian infants were given excessive protein but less fat and energy in late infancy. In conclusion, protein needs during mid- and late infancy seem to be better met by lower (13 g/l) than by higher (18 g/l) protein-containing formula when combined with high-quality weaning foods. Plasma lipids respond to changes in dietary intake from breast milk to formula and weaning foods, and differ between the Swedish and Italian infant populations in mid- and late infancy, which may partly be due to differences in fat composition of their weaning foods.
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| 4. |
- Karlsland Åkeson, Pia, et al.
(författare)
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Protein and amino acid metabolism in three- to twelve-month-old infants fed human milk or formulas with varying protein concentrations
- 1998
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Ingår i: Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition - Jpgn. - 1536-4801. ; 26:3, s. 297-304
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- PermissionsORIGINAL ARTICLESProtein and Amino Acid Metabolism in Three- to Twelve-Month-Old Infants Fed Human Milk or Formulas with Varying Protein ConcentrationsÅkeson, Pia M. Karlsland; Axelsson, Irene E. M.; Räihä, Niels C. R.Author InformationJournal of Pediatric Gastroenterology & Nutrition 26(3):p 297-304, March 1998.FREEAbstractBackground: The metabolic response to different protein intakes from breast milk and/or formulas varying in protein concentrations, in combination with supplementary foods, has not been studied in infants who are in the second half of infancy.Methods: Healthy infants, exclusively breast-fed until 3 months old, were randomly assigned to one of three groups, F13, F15, or F18, and were given formulas with 13, 15, or 18 g/l of protein, respectively. Infants breast-fed (B) and mixedfed (M) (breast milk and formula) at months formed the fourth and fifth groups. All infants received the same supplementary foods and were studied from ages 3 to 12 months.Results: The concentrations of albumin, prealbumin, and transferrin were similar in all groups. At 6 months, serum and urine urea concentrations were lower in B and M, compared with urea levels in the formula-fed groups of infants. At 12 months, urine urea was lower in B + M than it was in F18. At 6 months, plasma concentrations of phenylalanine, tyrosine, and methionine were higher in all formula-fed groups; and those of valine, isoleucine, and threonine were higher in F18 and F15 than they were in B and M. Plasma concentrations of methionine, valine, and threonine were higher in F18 than in F13. At 12 months, plasma levels of tyrosine, methionine, valine, isoleucine, and leucine were higher in F18 than they were in B + M.Conclusion: Many indexes of protein metabolism were similar in groups F13, B, and M, particularly at 6 months. In contrast, the provision of a formula with 18 g/l of protein resulted in a different metabolic pattern, which could indicate unnecessarily high protein intakes.
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