| 1. |
- Andersson, Linus, 1979-, et al.
(författare)
-
Neurocognitive processes underlying heuristic and normative probability judgments
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Cognition. - : ELSEVIER. - 0010-0277 .- 1873-7838. ; 196, s. 1-7
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Judging two events in combination (A&B) as more probable than one of the events (A) is known as a conjunction fallacy. According to dual-process explanations of human judgment and decision making, the fallacy is due to the application of a heuristic, associative cognitive process. Avoiding the fallacy has been suggested to require the recruitment of a separate process that can apply normative rules. We investigated these assumptions using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during conjunction tasks. Judgments, whether correct or not, engaged a network of brain regions identical to that engaged during similarity judgments. Avoidance of the conjunction fallacy additionally, and uniquely, involved a fronto-parietal network previously linked to supervisory, analytic control processes. The results lend credibility to the idea that incorrect probability judgments are the result of a representativeness heuristic that requires additional neurocognitive resources to avoid.
|
|
| 2. |
- Ilgunas, Aurelija, et al.
(författare)
-
Conceptualizing the clinical decision-making process in managing temporomandibular disorders : a qualitative study
- 2021
-
Ingår i: European Journal of Oral Sciences. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0909-8836 .- 1600-0722. ; 129:5
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Management of patients with temporomandibular disorders (TMD) appears to be more challenging than for other dental conditions. This study aimed to explore the decision-making process in TMD management, and thereby to conceptualize the decision-making process in dentistry. Individual semi-structured interviews were conducted during 2018 and 2019 with a purposive sample of 22 general dental practitioners from the Public Dental Healthcare Services and private practices in the Region of Västerbotten, Northern Sweden. The interviews were analysed using the Grounded Theory approach of Charmaz. Data analysis resulted in the core category 'Combining own competence and others' expectations in the desire to do the right thing'. The dentists showed interest in and a desire to apply professional knowledge, but also reflected on challenges and complexity in the decision-making process forTMD. The challenges were primarily related to organisational factors and lack of self-confidence. This identifies a need for re-organisation of daily clinical management in dentistry, and a need for more postgraduate training to improve self-confidence. The complexity of the decision-making process for TMD makes the study findings applicable in other dental situations.
|
|
| 3. |
- Jonsson, Bert, Professor, 1961-, et al.
(författare)
-
Creative Mathematical Reasoning : Does Need for Cognition Matter?
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Frontiers in Psychology. - : Frontiers Media S.A.. - 1664-1078. ; 12
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A large portion of mathematics education centers heavily around imitative reasoning and rote learning, raising concerns about students’ lack of deeper and conceptual understanding of mathematics. To address these concerns, there has been a growing focus on students learning and teachers teaching methods that aim to enhance conceptual understanding and problem-solving skills. One suggestion is allowing students to construct their own solution methods using creative mathematical reasoning (CMR), a method that in previous studies has been contrasted against algorithmic reasoning (AR) with positive effects on test tasks. Although previous studies have evaluated the effects of CMR, they have ignored if and to what extent intrinsic cognitive motivation play a role. This study investigated the effects of intrinsic cognitive motivation to engage in cognitive strenuous mathematical tasks, operationalized through Need for Cognition (NFC), and working memory capacity (WMC). Two independent groups, consisting of upper secondary students (N = 137, mean age 17.13, SD = 0.62, 63 boys and 74 girls), practiced non-routine mathematical problem solving with CMR and AR tasks and were tested 1 week later. An initial t-test confirmed that the CMR group outperformed the AR group. Structural equation modeling revealed that NFC was a significant predictor of math performance for the CMR group but not for the AR group. The results also showed that WMC was a strong predictor of math performance independent of group. These results are discussed in terms of allowing for time and opportunities for struggle with constructing own solution methods using CMR, thereby enhancing students conceptual understanding.
|
|
| 4. |
- Karlsson Wirebring, Linnea, 1979-, et al.
(författare)
-
An fMRI intervention study of creative mathematical reasoning : behavioral and brain effects across different levels of cognitive ability
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Trends in Neuroscience and Education. - : Elsevier. - 2452-0837 .- 2211-9493. ; 29
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Many learning methods of mathematical reasoning encourage imitative procedures (algorithmic reasoning, AR) instead of more constructive reasoning processes (creative mathematical reasoning, CMR). Recent research suggest that learning with CMR compared to AR leads to better performance and differential brain activity during a subsequent test. Here, we considered the role of individual differences in cognitive ability in relation to effects of CMR.Methods: We employed a within-subject intervention (N=72, MAge=18.0) followed by a brain-imaging session (fMRI) one week later. A battery of cognitive tests preceded the intervention. Participants were divided into three cognitive ability groups based on their cognitive score (low, intermediate and high).Results: On mathematical tasks previously practiced with CMR compared to AR we observed better performance, and higher brain activity in key regions for mathematical cognition such as left angular gyrus and left inferior/middle frontal gyrus. The CMR-effects did not interact with cognitive ability, albeit the effects on performance were driven by the intermediate and high cognitive ability groups.Conclusions: Encouraging pupils to engage in constructive processes when learning mathematical reasoning confers lasting learning effects on brain activation, independent of cognitive ability. However, the lack of a CMR-effect on performance for the low cognitive ability group suggest future studies should focus on individualized learning interventions, allowing more opportunities for effortful struggle with CMR.
|
|
| 5. |
- Selberg, Stina, et al.
(författare)
-
Multiple manifestations of uncontrolled asthma increase the risk of severe COVID-19
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Respiratory Medicine. - : Elsevier. - 0954-6111 .- 1532-3064. ; 216
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- ObjectiveAsthma control is of importance when assessing the risk of severe outcomes of COVID-19. The aim of this study was to explore associations of clinical characteristics and the effect of multiple manifestations of uncontrolled asthma with severe COVID-19.MethodsIn 2014–2020, adult patients with uncontrolled asthma, defined as Asthma Control Test (ACT) ≤19 were identified in the Swedish National Airway Register (SNAR) (n = 24533). The SNAR database, including clinical data, was linked with national registers to identify patients with severe COVID-19 (n = 221). The effect of multiple manifestations of uncontrolled asthma was based on: 1) ACT ≤15, 2) frequent exacerbations and 3) previous asthma inpatient/secondary care and evaluated stepwise. Poisson regression analyses were conducted with severe COVID-19 as the dependent variable.ResultsIn this cohort with uncontrolled asthma, obesity was the strongest independent risk factor for severe COVID-19 in both sexes, but even greater in men. Multiple manifestations of uncontrolled asthma were more common among those with severe COVID-19 vs. without: one, 45.7 vs. 42.3%, two, 18.1 vs. 9.1% and three, 5.0 vs. 2.1%. The risk ratio (RR) of severe COVID-19 increased with an increasing number of manifestations of uncontrolled asthma: one, RR 1.49 (95% CI 1.09–2.02), two, RR 2.42 (95% CI 1.64–3.57) and three, RR 2.96 (95% CI 1.57–5.60), when adjusted for sex, age, and BMI.ConclusionsIt is important to consider the effect of multiple manifestations of uncontrolled asthma and obesity when assessing patients with COVID-19, as this increases the risk of severe outcomes substantially.
|
|
| 6. |
- Stillesjö, Sara, 1989-, et al.
(författare)
-
Active math and grammar learning engages overlapping brain networks
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. - : National Academy of Sciences. - 0027-8424 .- 1091-6490. ; 118:46
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We here demonstrate common neurocognitive long-term memory effects of active learning that generalize over course subjects (mathematics and vocabulary) by the use of fMRI. One week after active learning, relative to more passive learning, performance and fronto-parietal brain activity was significantly higher during retesting, possibly related to the formation and reactivation of semantic representations. These observations indicate that active learning conditions stimulate common processes that become part of the representations and can be reactivated during retrieval to support performance. Our findings are of broad interest and educational significance related to the emerging consensus of active learning as critical in promoting good long-term retention.
|
|
| 7. |
- Stillesjö, Sara, 1989-, et al.
(författare)
-
Fluid intelligence predicts model fit of both exemplar-based memory and cue-abstractionand suggests a role for inferior parietal cortex in multiple-cue judgment
- 2023
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- We are often faced with judgment tasks that require the consideration of several sources of information. For example, a teacher that grades a student ́s exam question often integrates multiple sources of information (cues: details provided in the answer) into a single criterion dimension (the grade). Ample scientific work has focused on analytical processes and associative memory as two qualitatively distinct ways of addressing such a multiple-cue judgment task, and the inferior parietalcortex (IPC) has been suggested as a key brain region. Here, we combined information from individual differences in fluid intelligence, cognitive modeling and functional magnetic brain imaging to further evaluate the cognitive components of analytical and associative judgments. Participants spontaneously adopted cue-abstraction or exemplar-based memory during training with outcome feedback. Cognitive modeling of test-phase data revealed that model fit of both strategies was associated with fluid intelligence. A whole-brain correlation analysis of brain activation data during test-phase judgments revealed that fluid intelligence correlated with brain activity in IPC both during cue-abstraction and exemplar-based judgments. These findings provide novel evidence for a role of the IPC in multiple-cue judgment, and suggest that judgments with cue-abstraction and exemplarbased memory both draw on fluid intelligence and partly overlapping neural correlates.
|
|
