| 1. |
- Alijagic, Andi, 1992-, et al.
(författare)
-
Particle Safety Assessment in Additive Manufacturing : From Exposure Risks to Advanced Toxicology Testing.
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Frontiers in Toxicology. - : Frontiers Media S.A.. - 2673-3080. ; 4
-
Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Additive manufacturing (AM) or industrial three-dimensional (3D) printing drives a new spectrum of design and production possibilities; pushing the boundaries both in the application by production of sophisticated products as well as the development of next-generation materials. AM technologies apply a diversity of feedstocks, including plastic, metallic, and ceramic particle powders with distinct size, shape, and surface chemistry. In addition, powders are often reused, which may change the particles' physicochemical properties and by that alter their toxic potential. The AM production technology commonly relies on a laser or electron beam to selectively melt or sinter particle powders. Large energy input on feedstock powders generates several byproducts, including varying amounts of virgin microparticles, nanoparticles, spatter, and volatile chemicals that are emitted in the working environment; throughout the production and processing phases. The micro and nanoscale size may enable particles to interact with and to cross biological barriers, which could, in turn, give rise to unexpected adverse outcomes, including inflammation, oxidative stress, activation of signaling pathways, genotoxicity, and carcinogenicity. Another important aspect of AM-associated risks is emission/leakage of mono- and oligomers due to polymer breakdown and high temperature transformation of chemicals from polymeric particles, both during production, use, and in vivo, including in target cells. These chemicals are potential inducers of direct toxicity, genotoxicity, and endocrine disruption. Nevertheless, understanding whether AM particle powders and their byproducts may exert adverse effects in humans is largely lacking and urges comprehensive safety assessment across the entire AM lifecycle-spanning from virgin and reused to airborne particles. Therefore, this review will detail: 1) brief overview of the AM feedstock powders, impact of reuse on particle physicochemical properties, main exposure pathways and protective measures in AM industry, 2) role of particle biological identity and key toxicological endpoints in the particle safety assessment, and 3) next-generation toxicology approaches in nanosafety for safety assessment in AM. Altogether, the proposed testing approach will enable a deeper understanding of existing and emerging particle and chemical safety challenges and provide a strategy for the development of cutting-edge methodologies for hazard identification and risk assessment in the AM industry.
|
|
| 2. |
- Cawthon, P. M., et al.
(författare)
-
Putative Cut-Points in Sarcopenia Components and Incident Adverse Health Outcomes: AnSDOCAnalysis
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. - : Wiley. - 0002-8614 .- 1532-5415. ; 68:7, s. 1429-1437
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVES Analyses performed by the Sarcopenia Definitions and Outcomes Consortium (SDOC) identified cut-points in several metrics of grip strength for consideration in a definition of sarcopenia. We describe the associations between the SDOC-identified metrics of low grip strength (absolute or standardized to body size/composition); low dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) lean mass as previously defined in the literature (appendicular lean mass [ALM]/ht(2)); and slowness (walking speed <.8 m/s) with subsequent adverse outcomes (falls, hip fractures, mobility limitation, and mortality). DESIGN Individual-level, sex-stratified pooled analysis. We calculated odds ratios (ORs) or hazard ratios (HRs) for incident falls, mobility limitation, hip fractures, and mortality. Follow-up time ranged from 1 year for falls to 8.8 +/- 2.3 years for mortality. SETTING Eight prospective observational cohort studies. PARTICIPANTS A total of 13,421 community-dwelling men and 4,828 community-dwelling women. MEASUREMENTS Grip strength by hand dynamometry, gait speed, and lean mass by DXA. RESULTS Low grip strength (absolute or standardized to body size/composition) was associated with incident outcomes, usually independently of slowness, in both men and women. ORs and HRs generally ranged from 1.2 to 3.0 for those below vs above the cut-point. DXA lean mass was not consistently associated with these outcomes. When considered together, those who had both muscle weakness by absolute grip strength (<35.5 kg in men and <20 kg in women) and slowness were consistently more likely to have a fall, hip fracture, mobility limitation, or die than those without either slowness or muscle weakness. CONCLUSION Older men and women with both muscle weakness and slowness have a higher likelihood of adverse health outcomes. These results support the inclusion of grip strength and walking speed as components in a summary definition of sarcopenia.
|
|
| 3. |
- Ek, Staffan, et al.
(författare)
-
Relative Age Effect of Sport Academy Adolescents, a Physiological Evaluation
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Sports. - Basel : MDPI. - 2075-4663. ; 8:1
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The relationship between birth quarter distribution and physiological characteristics related to athletic skills, in adolescent sport academy students has not been fully investigated. In a cross-sectional study, we recruited 86 boys and 52 girls aged 12-14 years during their first term at a sport academy school. We measured body size, cardiac size, pulmonary function, body composition, lower body power, cardiorespiratory fitness parameters, and running endurance by standard methods and analyzed these estimates in relation to birth quarter by ANOVA. Birth quarter distribution in our cohort was compared with birth quarter distribution in the same ages in the whole of Sweden and analyzed by logistic regression. The academy had an overrepresentation of students born in the first quartile of the year compared to those born in the last quartile (odds ratio 2.3 (95% CI: 1.1-4.7)). When comparing the physiological characteristics between birth quarters, uniformity is prominent since out of 26 performed physiological and anthropometric tests only four showed statistically significant group differences. We thus believe that the selection process to the sport academy favours athletes with higher chronological age, i.e., a so-called relative age effect is present. © 2020 MDPI (Basel, Switzerland).
|
|
| 4. |
- Fridolfsson, Jonatan, 1992, et al.
(författare)
-
Physical activity spectrum discriminant analysis—A method to compare detailed patterns between groups
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports. - : Wiley. - 0905-7188 .- 1600-0838. ; 31:12, s. 2333-2342
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Investigating physical activity (PA) patterns as a detailed intensity spectrum instead of crude intensity categories have improved the ability to analyze the relationship between measured PA and health variables. The aim of this methodological study was to introduce and investigate the utility of using detailed PA intensity spectrum compared to crude PA intensity categories for comparison of PA between groups and between repeated measures. The study sample consisted of two groups of children, where one group was scheduled for extended physical education (PE) by daily classes while the other group followed usual PE schedule. Accelerometer data was processed into traditional crude PA intensity categories and into detailed PA intensity spectrum. Multivariate partial least squares regression for discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) was applied for PA intensity spectrum group comparison and compared to traditional univariate statistical analysis. Repeated measures were investigated using independent PLS-DA as well as multilevel PLS-DA for paired analysis. While traditional analysis of crude PA intensity categories was unable to find any group differences, multivariate analysis of the PA intensity spectrum identified statistically significant differences. By the extension of multilevel PLS-DA for paired comparison, a clear difference in the PA intensity spectrum was demonstrated between repeated measures. In conclusion, analysis of detailed PA intensity spectrum demonstrates utility for comparing detailed PA data between groups and between repeated measures in interventional and observational research.
|
|
| 5. |
- Jones, G., et al.
(författare)
-
Genome-wide meta-analysis of muscle weakness identifies 15 susceptibility loci in older men and women
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Nature Communications. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2041-1723. ; 12:1
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Low muscle strength is an important heritable indicator of poor health linked to morbidity and mortality in older people. In a genome-wide association study meta-analysis of 256,523 Europeans aged 60 years and over from 22 cohorts we identify 15 loci associated with muscle weakness (European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People definition: n=48,596 cases, 18.9% of total), including 12 loci not implicated in previous analyses of continuous measures of grip strength. Loci include genes reportedly involved in autoimmune disease (HLA-DQA1p=4x10(-17)), arthritis (GDF5p=4x10(-13)), cell cycle control and cancer protection, regulation of transcription, and others involved in the development and maintenance of the musculoskeletal system. Using Mendelian randomization we report possible overlapping causal pathways, including diabetes susceptibility, haematological parameters, and the immune system. We conclude that muscle weakness in older adults has distinct mechanisms from continuous strength, including several pathways considered to be hallmarks of ageing. Muscle weakness has been associated with morbidity and mortality in older people. Here, the authors have investigated this trait further by performing a genome-wide meta-analysis of grip strength and Mendelian randomization to discover causal relationships between muscle weakness and other diseases.
|
|
| 6. |
- Karlsson, Hanna K., et al.
(författare)
-
Chemical absorption of carbon dioxide in non-aqueous systems using the amine 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol in dimethyl sulfoxide and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Separation and Purification Technology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1383-5866. ; 256
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Non-aqueous amine systems have been suggested as energy-efficient alternatives to conventional aqueous amine systems in post-combustion carbon capture, as low regeneration temperatures can be achieved. The solubility of CO2 and heat of absorption in non-aqueous systems were studied using the sterically hindered amine 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propnaol (AMP) in the organic solvent dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). 13C NMR was used to study the product species in solution as CO2 reacts with AMP in either DMSO or N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP). The solubility of CO2 in AMP/DMSO showed that low loadings could be achieved at 80–88 °C, indicating that regeneration can be carried out at lower temperatures than in conventional aqueous systems. Precipitation occurred at 25 wt% AMP in DMSO, increasing the overall capacity of the system. The heat of absorption decreased with increasing temperature, and was explained by physical absorption dominating the absorption mechanism at higher temperatures. This was also confirmed by the results of NMR, as less chemically absorbed species were observed at higher temperatures. The reaction products observed in AMP/DMSO and AMP/NMP were identified as the AMP carbamate, bicarbonate from water impurities, and the AMP carbonate from CO2 reacting with the hydroxyl group of AMP.
|
|
| 7. |
- Karlsson, Hanna K., et al.
(författare)
-
Evaluation of the effect of water on CO2 absorption in AMP and DMSO systems
- 2024
-
Ingår i: Separation and Purification Technology. - 1873-3794. ; 341
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Non-aqueous precipitating amine systems for carbon capture allows for CO2 desorption at lower temperatures than conventional aqueous amine systems and can potentially reduce the energy requirement for regeneration. In this work, the influence of water accumulation that may arise from humid gases entering the absorption column was investigated for absorption systems containing 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (AMP) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). The physical solubility of CO2 decreased with increasing water concentration, as expected from the lower solubility of CO2 in water than in DMSO. The CO2 loading capacity was increased with the addition of water, resulting from formation of bicarbonate with water present in the system. Low lean loadings of 0.1 mol CO2/mol AMP and precipitation was observed in 23 wt% AMP/DMSO with 9 wt% added water, suggesting that some water accumulation might be tolerable while still maintaining the desired properties of the absorption system. NMR was used to study the CO2 reaction products at 30–88 °C. The results suggested that 88 °C can be used for regeneration of the system even with water accumulated in the system. At 80 °C formation of the tentatively assigned species 4,4-dimethyl-1,3-oxazolidin-2-one was observed, indicating that thermal degradation of AMP may occur above this temperature.
|
|
| 8. |
- Karlsson, Tobias, et al.
(författare)
-
Liposuction of Breast Cancer: Related Arm Lymphedema Reduces Fat and Muscle Hypertrophy
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Lymphatic Research and Biology. - : Mary Ann Liebert Inc. - 1539-6851 .- 1557-8585. ; 20:1, s. 53-63
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduction: Adipose tissue deposition is a known consequence of lymphedema. A previous study showed that the affected arm in patients with nonpitting breast cancer-related lymphedema (BCRL) had a mean excess volume of 73% fat and 47% muscle. This condition impairs combined physiotherapy as well as more advanced microsurgical methods. Liposuction is, therefore, a way of improving the effects of treatment. Objective: This study aims to evaluate the tissue changes in lymphedematous arms after liposuction and controlled compression therapy (CCT) in patients with nonpitting BCRL. Methods and Results: Eighteen women with an age of 61 years and a duration of arm lymphedema (BCRL) of 9 years were treated with liposuction and CCT. Tissue composition of fat, lean (muscle), and bone mineral was analyzed through dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) before, and at 3 and 12 months after surgery. Excess volumes were also measured with plethysmography. The median DXA preoperative excess volume was 1425 mL (704 mL fat volume, 651 mL lean volume). The DXA excess volume at 3 months after surgery was 193 mL (-196 mL fat volume, 362 mL lean volume). At 12 months after surgery, the median excess DXA volume was 2 mL (-269 mL fat volume, 338 mL lean volume). From before surgery to 3 months after surgery, the median DXA excess volume reduced by 85% (p < 0.001) (fat volume reduction 128% (p < 0.001), lean volume reduction 37% (p = 0.016)). From before surgery to 12 months after surgery, it reduced by 100% (p < 0.001) (fat volume reduction 139% [p < 0.001], lean volume reduction 54% [p = 0.0013]). Conclusions: Liposuction and CCT effectively remove the excess fat in patients with nonpitting BCRL, and a total reduction of excess arm volume is achievable. A postoperative decrease in excess muscle volume is also seen, probably due to the reduced weight of the arm postoperatively.
|
|
| 9. |
- Khalili, Bita, et al.
(författare)
-
Associations between common genetic variants and income provide insights about the socioeconomic health gradient
- 2024
-
Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- We conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) on income among individuals of European descent and leveraged the results to investigate the socio-economic health gradient (N=668,288). We found 162 genomic loci associated with a common genetic factor underlying various income measures, all with small effect sizes. Our GWAS-derived polygenic index captures 1 - 4% of income variance, with only one-fourth attributed to direct genetic effects. A phenome-wide association study using this polygenic index showed reduced risks for a broad spectrum of diseases, including hypertension, obesity, type 2 diabetes, coronary atherosclerosis, depression, asthma, and back pain. The income factor showed a substantial genetic correlation (0.92, s.e. = .006) with educational attainment (EA). Accounting for EA's genetic overlap with income revealed that the remaining genetic signal for higher income related to better mental health but reduced physical health benefits and increased participation in risky behaviours such as drinking and smoking.
|
|
| 10. |
- Lahti, Amanda, et al.
(författare)
-
Daily School Physical Activity Is Associated with Higher Level of Physical Activity Independently of Other Socioecological Factors
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Sports. - : MDPI AG. - 2075-4663. ; 8:8
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Only one fifth of children aged 11–17 years are physically active for 60 min (min)/day. As physical activity (PA) levels track from childhood to adulthood, it is important to establish healthy PA behavior early in life. This study aims to evaluate whether daily school PA is associated with objectively measured PA independently of other socioecological factors. This study includes 209 children (120 boys) aged 9.8 ± 0.6 (mean ± SD) years from four government-funded schools in Sweden. One school including 113 children (70 boys) had 40 min of daily school PA (intervention) and three schools including 96 children (50 boys) had 60 min of school PA/week (control). PA was measured during four serial days with accelerometers. General PA (GPA) was defined as mean counts per minute (cpm). Socioecological factors were collected by questionnaires, and anthropometric traits by measurements. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to test whether sex, age, relative age, body height, fat mass, lean mass, screen time activity, parental educational level, parental attitude towards PA, parental PA, sibling(s)’ PA, living in a house or apartment, and whether the child was allocated to 40 min daily school PA or 60 min school PA/week, was independently associated with GPA. Daily GPA was found to be 686.9 ± 211.9 cpm. Independently of the other included factors, daily school PA was associated with +81.8 (15.7, 147.8) cpm compared with 60 min PA/week. This study infers that daily school PA is an appropriate strategy to promote PA in 10-year-old children, independently of different socioecological factors.
|
|
