| 1. |
- Hassellöv, Martin, 1970, et al.
(författare)
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Marint mikroskopiskt skräp längs Bohuskusten 2015 - i jämförelse med tidigare studier 2013 och 2014
- 2018
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Prover för mikroskopiskt skräp togs i november 2015 på 14 lokaler längs västkusten på uppdrag av Länsstyrelsen i Västra Götalands län och rapporteras här i detalj tillsammans med jämförelser från tidigare provtagningstillfällen (december 2013, april 2014 och december 2014) på samma lokaler. Syftet har varit att mäta halter och karaktärisera mikroskopiskt skräp samt undersöka lämpliga metodval för eventuella framtida övervakningsprogram. •Halter och karaktär av mikroskräp varierade stort beroende på vilken provtagnings- och filtreringsmetod som användes. Undersökningen 2015noterade ca 100 000 gånger högre halter av mikroskräpspartiklar frånytvattenprover på ett filter med storlek 10 μm (0,01 mm) jämfört med 300μm (0,3 mm) siktduk som användes vid trålning i havsytan. •Antalet antropogena (av mänskligt ursprung) partiklar som fastnade på 300μm filter varierade från ca. 0.1 till ca. 10 partiklar/m3 havsvatten oTill skillnad från tidigare provtagningar med 300μm som utförtsmed pump strax under havsytan så gav detta års trålprovtagning ejlika dominerande inslag av fibrer, utan plastpartiklar och fibreråterfanns i jämförbar förekomst. oHalterna 2015 var i samma storleksordning som tidigarerapporterats för svenska kustvatten. Dock hade fördelningen mellanplastpartiklar och syntetiska fibrer förskjutits mot plastpartiklarvilket kan förklaras mot systematiska skillnader i tidigareprovtagningsmetodik. •I proverna som togs med 10 μm filter återfanns i genomsnitt ca. 38mikroskräpspartiklar per liter (exkl. svarta och röda) vilket var en vissökning från tidigare provtagningar (18/l dec 2013 och april 2014 samt 9/ldec 2014). oEn högre förekomst av röda partiklar (58 partiklar/liter) uppmättes.Kemiska analyser visade dock att flertalet av de röda partiklarnabestod av järnoxider; dvs ej nödvändigtvis dominerat av partiklarfrån båtbottenfärg som tidigare antagits. Endast en mindre andelröda partiklar kan härröra från polymert ursprung. Därmed har rödapartiklar inte räknats in i samlingsbegreppet mikroskräp. oHalterna av potentiella förbränningspartiklar på 10 μm filter varmycket höga i Göteborgsområdet, Stenungsund samt Brofjorden.Genomsnittligt antal i Göteborgsområdet var ca. 3000 partiklar perliter. Medelhalten för alla stationer var cirka 1800 partiklar per liter. oSyntetfibrer och naturfibrer förekom i högst halter i Danafjord,Åstol, Galterön och Stretudden vilket troligtvis kan härledas tillutsläpp från avloppsreningsverk i närheten till provtagningspunkterna. • Resultaten pekar såväl i år som tidigare år på att stadsmiljön är en viktig källa till marint mikroskopiskt skräp. Källor kan vara från kommunala avlopp, dagvatten från vägar och stadsytor, industrier samt olika former av förbränning. • Förekomst av mikroskopiska skräppartiklar undersöktes i utgående vatten från fyra kommunala avloppsreningsverk (ARV): Uddevalla, Strömstad, Stenungsund och Skärhamn. För undersökningen kunde följande noteras; o Antalet uppmätta mikroskräppartiklar uppgick till mellan ca 10 och 80 partiklar per kubikmeter utgående vatten, med lägst antal partiklar i Skansverket (Uddevalla) och mest partiklar i Stenungsund. Dagarna innan provtagning i Stenungsund hade det regnat kraftigt vilket kan påverka resultatet. o Halterna var väsentligt lägre än de flesta tidigare mätningar avseende partiklar och syntetiska fibrer och kraftigt lägre avseende på ickesyntetiska fibrer. Största andelen (över 50% i vissa fall) av partiklarna bestod av fibrer (syntetiska och icke syntetiska), men det ska noteras att filter med storlek 300 μm förmodligen underskattar fiberhalten väsentligt
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| 2. |
- Hassellöv, Martin, 1970, et al.
(författare)
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Progress towards monitoring of microlitter in Scandinavian marine environments: State of knowledge and challenges
- 2018
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Microlitter consists of minute particles of anthropogenic or processed natural material. The project brings together research groups to conduct specific case studies in gradients from near urban sources such as the traffic environment and cities to the coastal water and sediments in order to study the relative occurrence of specific sources and their environmental dispersion and distribution. The conclusion were first that in sediments from the road environment (tunnel runoff water), tire particles, asphalt and road markings could be identified, and in the urban creek sediments many black particles including elastomers, charcoal-like and oil and soot where in high abundance and decreased rapidly out in the recipient. The results emphasize the role of the cities as hotspot source functions for microlitter in the coastal environment and also where mitigating measures could be directed.
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| 3. |
- Karlsson, Therese, 1987, et al.
(författare)
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Influence of thermooxidative degradation on the in situ fate of polyethylene in temperate coastal waters
- 2018
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Ingår i: Marine Pollution Bulletin. - : Elsevier BV. - 0025-326X .- 1879-3363. ; 135, s. 187-194
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Polyethylene is a commonly used polymer in plastic products and is often found as marine litter. Nevertheless there is limited knowledge about what happens to the material when it ends up in the sea. Polyethylene films were therefore thermally oxidised to four different levels of degradation. The films were then placed in stainless-steel cages in the sea off the Swedish west coast for 12 summer weeks. Subsamples were analysed with respect to biofouling, degradation and buoyancy. All levels showed a continued oxidation in the field. The pre-degraded films started fragmenting and the non-degraded films showed a decrease in tensile strain. All levels showed increased biofouling with higher presence of filamentous algae and bryozoans on pre-degraded materials. The density (kg·m−3) of the films was seen to increase slightly, and the apparent density for the pre-degraded films (density of the films with biofilm) showed a strong increase, which resulted in sinking.
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| 4. |
- Karlsson, Therese, 1987, et al.
(författare)
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Provtagningsmetoder för mikroplast >300 μm i ytvatten: En jämförelsestudie mellan pump och trål
- 2018
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Sampling and analyzing microplastics (MPs) comes with a unique set of challenges and currently a wide variety of methods are developed and applied. In order to facilitate future environmental monitoring we compared two methods that are often used for sampling MPs >300 μm; a manta trawl and a filtering pump. Six replicates per method were taken during calm weather conditions in the same location on the same day. The volume per replicate was 20 m3 for the pump and approximately 60 m3 for the trawl. Following analysis was done with visual sorting in a stereo microscope. The same person analyzed all samples and the anthropogenic particles were divided into eleven classification categories. In the pump samples zero to eight MPs were found per sample, rendering an arithmetic mean of 0.17 MPs/m3. In the trawl samples the numbers varied between 9 and 33 MPs, which corresponded to a significantly higher concentration per volume than the pump with an arithmetic mean of 0.32 MPs/m3. The results also indicated that in order to reach a statistical power of 60%, ten pump replicates would be needed to measure a difference between the examined area and an uncontaminated area. For the trawl a corresponding number of two replicates would be required. Alternatively a higher sample volume can be applied, which would render a higher certainty as the distribution data would approach a Gaussian distribution. A higher sampling volume would also lower the measurement uncertainty as it would decrease fluctuations in the counting statistics. Variations in measurement uncertainty between the methods was hypothesized to be primarily related to the differences in sample volume and could also be compensated through increasing the volume sampled, which would be somewhat faster than increasing the amount of replicates. The composition of MPs in the study varied between the replicates but mainly consisted of expanded cellular plastics, films, filaments and fragments. Each pump sample had on average 1.3 films and 0.33 expanded cellular plastics whereas each trawl sample had on average 2.5 films and 9.2 expanded cellular plastics. Per unit of volume the majority of the particles in the pump samples (40%) consisted of films, whereas the particles in the trawl predominantly consisted of expanded cellular plastics (46%). Expanded cellular plastics therefore seem to be sampled more efficiently by trawls, which could be because they float on top of the surface, the pump samples a bit lower in the surface water and the results in this study show that the sample compositions were more comparable for particles with more neutral buoyancy. Not enough particles were however obtained to allow for a more in-depth analysis of the compositional differences. The probability of false null-values increase with a lower true value of numbers of particles per sample and this starts to have a significantly negative effect below five particles per sample. Regardless of which method that is used it is therefore crucial to sample a sufficient number of particles (volume times concentration) suitable for comparing spatial, temporal or compositional differences. Background and purpose of the report Even if methods for sampling, extraction and identification of microplastics have developed rapidly during recent years several challenges remain. One of the challenges that remain is how to sample a group of contaminants that is as heterogeneous, both concerning shape and distribution, as microplastics. Additionally it is important to know to what extent results from different types of sampling devices can be compared. Here we compare two methods that are often used to sample microplastics above 300 μm in surface waters; a manta trawl and a pump. During one day (10th of October 2017) six replicates per sampling method was taken in the same spot in Gullmarsfjorden outside Lysekil. Through counting microplastics and other types of microlitter in the samples the aim was to compare differences between replicates and methods. This study was commissioned by the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency and the Swedish Agency for Marine and Water Management, as a step in the work to develop monitoring of microlitter.
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| 5. |
- Karlsson, Therese, 1987, et al.
(författare)
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The unaccountability case of plastic pellet pollution
- 2018
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Ingår i: Marine Pollution Bulletin. - : Elsevier BV. - 0025-326X. ; 129:1, s. 52-60
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Plastic preproduction pellets are found in environmental samples all over the world and their presence is often linked to spills during production and transportation. To better understand how these pellets end up in the environment we assessed the release of plastic pellets from a polyethylene production site in a case study area on the Swedish west coast. The case study encompasses; field measurements to evaluate the level of pollution and pathways, models and drifters to investigate the potential spread and a revision of the legal framework and the company permits. This case study show that millions of pellets are released from the production site annually but also that there are national and international legal frameworks that if implemented could help prevent these spills. Bearing in mind the negative effects observed by plastic pollution there is an urgent need to increase the responsibility and accountability of these spills.
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| 6. |
- Lindell, Ellen, 1979, et al.
(författare)
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Asking about dizziness when turning in bed predicts examination findings for benign paroxysmal positional vertigo
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of Vestibular Research: Equilibrium and Orientation. - 0957-4271 .- 1878-6464. ; 28:3-4, s. 339-347
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) is the single most common cause of vestibular vertigo and is characterised by short episodes of rotational vertigo precipitated by changes in head positions like lying down or turning in bed. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to assess useful questions when suspecting benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) caused dizziness as well as identifying if a single question can be useful in identify or distinguish patients with BPPV from other dizziness aetiology. METHOD: A total of 149 patients admitted due to dizziness were included. Patients answered a questionnaire and were investigated for BPPV with diagnostic manoeuvres. RESULT: Two of the 15 questions were of diagnostic importance. Dizziness when laying down or turning in bed, increased likelihood of BPPV by an odds ratio (95% confidence interval) of 60 (7.47-481.70). Continuous dizziness duration as opposed to lasting seconds decreased likelihood of BPPV with an odds ratio of 0.06 (0.01-0.27). CONCLUSION: Vertiginous attacks by turning or laying down in bed together with dizziness <1 minute, are important questions and strongly related to BPPV. Such questions are important when taking a medical history and may help to early identify BPPV, also for non-medical staff, as well as reduce the need of further investigations.
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| 7. |
- Linders, Torsten, 1971, et al.
(författare)
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Particle sources and transport in stratified Nordic coastal seas in the Anthropocene
- 2018
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Ingår i: Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene. - : University of California Press. - 2325-1026. ; 6:1
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Particles of all origins (biogenic, lithogenic, as well as anthropogenic) are fundamental components of the coastal ocean and are re-distributed by a wide variety of transport processes at both horizontal and vertical scales. Suspended particles can act as vehicles, as well as carbon and nutrient sources, for microorganisms and zooplankton before eventually settling onto the seafloor where they also provide food to benthic organisms. Different particle aggregation processes, driven by turbulence and particle stickiness, composition, abundance and size, impact the transport and sinking behavior of particles from the surface to the seafloor. In deep coastal waters, the deposition, resuspension, and accumulation of particles are driven by particle stickiness, composition and aggregate structure. In contrast, wave-driven and bottom current-driven processes in the nepheloid benthic boundary layer of shallow waters are of greater importance to the settling behavior of particles, while the retention capacity of benthic vegetation (e.g., seagrasses) further influences particle behavior. In this review, we consider the various processes by which particles are transported, as well as their sources and characteristics, in stratified coastal waters with a focus on Nordic seas. The role of particles in diminishing the quality of coastal waters is increasing in the Anthropocene, as particle loading by rivers and surface run-off includes not only natural particles, but also urban and agricultural particles with sorbed pollutants and contaminants of organic, inorganic and microplastic composition. Human activities such as trawling and dredging increase turbidity and further impact the transport of particles by resuspending particles and influencing their vertical and horizontal distribution patterns. An interdisciplinary approach combining physical, chemical and biological processes will allow us to better understand particle transport and its impact on coastal waters and estuaries at an ecosystem level. There is a need for development of novel analytical and characterization techniques, as well as new in situ sensors to improve our capacity to follow particle dynamics from nanometer to millimeter size scales.
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| 8. |
- Rist, Sinja, et al.
(författare)
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A critical perspective on early communications concerning human health aspects of microplastics
- 2018
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Ingår i: Science of the Total Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-9697 .- 1879-1026. ; 626, s. 720-726
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- © 2018 Microplastic research in recent years has shown that small plastic particles are found almost everywhere we look. Besides aquatic and terrestrial environments, this also includes aquatic species intended for human consumption and several studies have reported their prevalence in other food products and beverages. The scientific as well as public debate has therefore increasingly focused on human health implications of microplastic exposure. However, there is a big discrepancy between the magnitude of this debate and actual scientific findings, which have merely shown the presence of microplastics in certain products. While plastics can undoubtedly be hazardous to human health due to toxicity of associated chemicals or as a consequence of particle toxicity, the extent to which microplastics in individual food products and beverages contribute to this is debatable. Considering the enormous use of plastic materials in our everyday lives, microplastics from food products and beverages likely only constitute a minor exposure pathway for plastic particles and associated chemicals to humans. But as this is rarely put into perspective, the recent debate has created a skewed picture of human plastic exposure. We risk pulling the focus away from the root of the problem: the way in which we consume, use and dispose of plastics leading to their widespread presence in our everyday life and in the environment. Therefore we urge for a more careful and balanced discussion which includes these aspects.
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| 9. |
- Roos, Magnus, 1976, et al.
(författare)
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Konsumtionsrapporten 2018 : Under ytan
- 2018
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- I Konsumtionsrapporten 2018 sammanfattas och analyseras hushållens privata konsumtion i Sverige under 2017. Rapporten består av två delar. I den första delen, ”Basfakta”, ges en helhetsbild av hushållens konsumtion som baseras på statistik från framförallt Statistiska centralbyrån (SCB), men även från andra myndigheter och forskningsinstitut (exempelvis Postnord, HUI-Research och SOM-institutet vid Göteborgs universitet). I den här delen analyseras hushållens konsumtion, detaljhandelns omsättning, svenska konsumtionstrender, välbefinnande och konsumtion. Den andra delen, fördjupningar, belyses några konsumtionsområden av särskilt intresse. I slutet presenteras detaljerad statistik i bilagor. Rapporten är publicerad av Centrum för konsumtionsvetenskap, Handelshögskolan vid Göteborgs universitet. Basfakta: Hushållens totala konsumtion uppgick till 1 978 miljarder kronor under 2017. Hushållen konsumerade 2,3 procent mer jämfört med 2016 och 22 procent mer jämfört med 2007. Mellan 2016 och 2017 ökade konsumtionen på alla områden, med undantag av alkohol och tobak. Priserna ökade med 1,8 procent mellan 2016 till 2017. Under perioden 2007 - 2017 har priserna ökat med 10,9 procent. Konsumtionsområden som ökat mest sedan 2016: Hushållens konsumtion i utlandet, 11,5 procent Utländsk konsumtion i Sverige, 7,8 procent Kommunikation, 6,7 procent Möbler, hushållsartiklar och underhåll, 3,9 procent Hotell, kaféer och restauranger, 2,9 procent Konsumtionsområden som ökat mest 2007-2017 Hushållens konsumtion i utlandet, 77 procent Utländsk konsumtion i Sverige, 70 procent Kommunikation, 49 procent Möbler, hushållsartiklar och underhåll, 40 procent Fritid, underhållning och kultur, 36 procent De tre fördjupningsdelarna i årets rapport handlar om digitalisering och konsumtion, mobilanvändning i butik, samt plastskräp och konsumtionsmönster
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