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| 2. |
- Jacobsson, Staffan, 1951, et al.
(författare)
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Formation of competences to realize the potential of offshore wind power in the European Union
- 2012
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Ingår i: Energy Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0301-4215. ; 44, s. 374-384
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The electricity sector has to undergo a large-scale transformation process to reduce the threat of climate change. Wind power has a strategic role to play in this process. This paper makes a preliminary assessment of the types and numbers of engineers required to sustain a large-scale expansion of offshore wind energy in the EU and draws lessons for universities. A variety of competences are required, including (a) deep competences in many fields (electrical and mechanical engineering, but also engineering physics and civil engineering); (b) integrative competences within engineering (e.g., mechanical and electrical engineering) and between engineering and non-engineering fields (e.g., meteorology and logistics). A large number of engineers are required. A rough estimate indicates a need for more than 10 000 new engineers until 2020. The nature and volume of the competences required raise serious questions for the scale and organization of training programmes at universities.
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| 3. |
- Jacobsson, Staffan, 1951, et al.
(författare)
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Mechanisms blocking the dynamics of the European offshore wind energy innovation system - Challenges for policy intervention
- 2013
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Ingår i: Energy Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0301-4215. ; 63, s. 1182-1195
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Decarbonizing electricity production in the EU may necessitate building new “low-carbon” capacity (excluding nuclear investments) to deliver 3500 TWh by 2050. Offshore wind power has the potential to contribute substantially to fill this gap. Realizing this potential is, however, difficult since deploymentoffshore does not constitute simple diversification by the onshore wind turbine industry to a new segment. This paper identifies factors obstructing the development of the northern European innovation system centered on offshore wind power, specifies a set of associated policy challenges and discussesvarious policy responses.
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| 4. |
- Jacobsson, Staffan, 1951, et al.
(författare)
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Towards a strategy for offshore wind power in Sweden
- 2014
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Ingår i: Systems Perspectives on Renewable Power 2014. - 9789198097405 ; , s. 160-171
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The first offshore wind power farm was built in 1991 (in Denmark) but the diffusionof wind turbines took place mainly onshore.1 By 2013, European offshore turbinessupplied 24 TWh but there are expectations of a supply of 140 TWh by 2020.2For 2030, UK and Germany expect the supply to increase to about 115 and 87TWh respectively.3 The longer term potential is much larger and in the EuropeanCommission’s Vision 2050 scenario analysis, 800 TWh are supplied (see Chapter3 on the global potential).4 Hence, offshore wind power is seen as a strategictechnology in EU’s efforts to decarbonise electricity generation.Multifaceted government policies are applied in mainly UK, Germany and Denmarkto support development and deployment of offshore wind power, that is, interventions are not limited to forming a market but include other dimensions inthe industrialisation of the technology. Expectations of an extensive deploymentare shared by many firms in the value chain, including component suppliers,turbine manufacturers, utilities, harbours, shipyards and logistics firms. A wholeindustrial system has begun to develop in northern Europe.In this chapter, we argue that Sweden should shift from a passive to an activestance towards offshore wind power and initiate a process that eventually leadsto a large-scale deployment. In the next section, we argue that offshore windpower is a desirable technology to develop in Sweden and we suggest a target forSweden in 2030. This is followed by an analysis of mechanisms that may obstructmeeting that target and points to ways of overcoming these. In the final section, wediscuss how a strategy for Sweden could be formed.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Karltorp, Kersti, 1982, et al.
(författare)
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Explaining regime destabilisation in the pulp and paper industry
- 2012
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Ingår i: Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions. - : Elsevier BV. - 2210-4224. ; 2, s. 66-81
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A transition to a carbon neutral society will require a shift from fossil to renewable resources. This will affect the conversion of biomass and related industries such as the pulp and paper industry. The purpose of this paper is two-fold: first, to describe and analyse the transformation processes in the Swedish pulp and paper industry and the adoption of biorefinery options, and second, to demonstrate how conceptualisations from strategic management can be used to describe regime destabilisation. The industry's adoption of biorefinery options has been modest so far, but there is development along two trajectories. The first centres on gasification and the second on separation and refining. Such diverging strategies in response to external pressure can be explained by differences that exist between firms. Signs of increasing firm divergence, or ‘regime fragmentation’, might indicate the entry into a phase of regime destabilisation, and a critical point in a transition.
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| 8. |
- Karltorp, Kersti, 1982, et al.
(författare)
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Policy intervention and technical change in mature industry: The Swedish pulp and paper industry and the biorefinery
- 2011
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Ingår i: Conference proceedings from World Renewable Energy Congress 2011.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Energy technologies based on biomass conversion are put forward as major means to curb climate change and enable a transition to a carbon neutral society. Many policies at international and national level are set up to support this transition. The pulp and paper industry is strongly linked to the conversion of biomass in Sweden and have a decisive role for the future of these technologies. This study aims to describe and explain the Swedish pulp and paper industry’s reaction to policy with regard to the development of biorefineries. It turns out that firms are developing along two technological trajectories; 1) gasification for fuel production with a business model similar to the current one and 2) separation and refining for production of high value products, which requires a modified business model. Firms are also repositioning themselves within the regime and across regime borders. We conclude that the regime is in a phase of fragmentation. The policy implications from this analysis are that effective policy intervention needs to consider that multiple signals that are affecting the regime and policies should be designed depending on what degree of regime fragmentation that is desirable.
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| 9. |
- Karltorp, Kersti, 1982
(författare)
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Resource mobilisation for energy system transformation
- 2011
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- A transition to a sustainable path of development will require that fossil fuels are replaced with renewable energy sources and involve, therefore, a large-scale transformation of the energy system. In the EU, offshore wind power and biorefineries have the potential to play an important role in this transformation. This thesis focuses on development and, particularly, diffusion of these technologies and the associated crucial mobilisation of resources. First, the formation of competences is analysed, with focus on the need for engineering competences in the offshore wind sector. Second, an analysis is made of an incumbent industry that is in control of strategic raw material, competences and technical systems and which, therefore, can hinder or drive the development of technology. The incumbent industry in question is the Swedish pulp and paper industry and the focus is on the adoption of biorefinery options. The analytical framework used is constructed by combining literature on innovations systems, transition management and strategic management. This combination contributes to a better understanding of the interactions between different system levels. The analysis of the human capital required to realize an expansion of offshore wind power shows that there is a need for both deep competences and new types of integrated competences. By 2020, the number of additional engineers needed in the wind power value chain may easily go beyond 10 000. The demand for competence has implications for the universities, which need to expand the number and types of educational programmes. This up-scaling of university programmes will require that the associated teaching staffs are enlarged. It may also require support for a European portfolio of specialized courses that are made available to students from different universities.The analysis of the pulp and paper industry describes how the industry has started to change its attitude towards development of biorefinery technologies due to pressure from several changes at a societal level. This far, the industry’s reaction to these changes has been modest and is characterized by incremental change and extended vertical integration. However, development along two new technological trajectories (including development of gasification and separation/refining technologies, respectively) can be identified. The firms’ different reactions to pressure can be explained by their different prerequisites regarding resources, skills, position and experience. These reactions can be seen as an initial phase of a regime fragmentation and could constitute a starting point for a transition.
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| 10. |
- Karltorp, Kersti, 1982
(författare)
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SCALING UP RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES - The role of resource mobilisation in the growth of technological innovation systems
- 2014
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Rapid and large-scale diffusion of renewable energy technologies is needed to avoid severe climate changes that would dramatically affect the conditions for human life on Earth. To scale up these technologies involves technological development, but also the alteration of structures that are locked-in to established socio-technical systems. As the scale of this transition is enormous and the timeframe is short, policy intervention is essential to assist the industrialisation and building up of new socio-technical systems. In this thesis, the technological innovation system (TIS) framework is used to analyse the challenge of scaling up renewable energy technologies. The TIS framework is effective for capturing dynamics in emerging technologies and industries, defining mechanisms that are blocking or inducing development and suggesting where policy could intervene. Mobilisation of resources such as human and financial capital, and of complementary assets such as transmission grids, raw materials and the space needed for construction and operation, are essential for the growth of novel energy technologies, as substantially more resources are needed when the systems expand. Understanding what is constraining resource mobilisation and how this can be overcome is therefore key for understanding how up-scaling of renewable energy technologies can be achieved. Thus, the purpose of this thesis is to increase the understanding of system up-scaling, by applying the TIS framework, with an emphasis on the role of resource mobilisation. Empirically, the thesis concentrates on two cases of renewable energy technologies: wind power and biorefineries. It includes analyses with different geographical scopes, ranging from a small country to large countries and regions.The theoretical contribution of the thesis is a conceptualisation of the TIS’s context that enables analyses of the resource mobilisation needed for up-scaling of renewable energy technologies. The empirical contributions include observations of what characterises a TIS in the growth phase. The empirical contributions also include findings on resource mobilisation challenges, for example the scale and quality of human capital needed for large-scale diffusion of offshore wind power in Europe, and suggestions for how these can be overcome. To effectively address some resource mobilisation challenges, strategic action or policy intervention is required. A suggestion for policy intervention, if this is not done by industry actors, is to coordinate activities within the TIS. For actors involved in development and diffusion of the technology, one way to ease resource mobilisation challenges is to communicate their need for resources, in terms of quantity and quality, to policymakers, academia, the financial sector and incumbent industry actors. Academia and the financial sector can facilitate resource mobilisation by evaluating the need for resources for renewable energy technologies and possibly initiate targeted programmes for education and investments.
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