| 1. |
- Hedelin, Rikard, et al.
(författare)
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Short-term overtraining : effects on performance, circulatory responses, and heart rate variability.
- 2000
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Ingår i: Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. - 0195-9131 .- 1530-0315. ; 32:8, s. 1480-1484
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- PURPOSE AND METHODS: Nine elite canoeists were investigated concerning changes in performance, heart rate variability (HRV), and blood-chemical parameters over a 6-d training camp. The training regimen consisted of cross-country skiing and strength training, in total 13.0+/-1.6 h, corresponding to a 50% increase in training load. RESULTS: Time to exhaustion (RunT) decreased from 19.1+/-1.0 to 18.0+/-1.2 min (P < 0.05). VO2max and max lactate (La(max)) both decreased significantly (P < 0.05) over the training period (4.99+/-0.97 to 4.74+/-0.98 L x min(-1) and from 10.08+/-1.25 to 8.98+/-1.03 mmol x L(-1) respectively). Heart rates (HR) decreased significantly at all workloads. Plasma volume increased by 7+/-7% (P < 0.05). Resting cortisol, decreased from 677+/-244 to 492+/-222 nmol x L(-1) (P < 0.05), whereas resting levels of adrenaline and noradrenaline remained unchanged. The change between tests in RunT correlated significantly with the change in HRmax (r = 0.79; P = 0.01). There were no group changes in high or low frequency HRV, neither at rest nor following a tilt. CONCLUSIONS: The reduced maximal performance indicates a state of fatigue/overreaching and peripheral factors are suggested to limit performance even though HRmax and La(max) both were reduced. The reduced submaximal heart rates are probably a result of increased plasma volume. HRV in this group didn't seem to be affected by short-term overtraining.
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| 2. |
- Kenttä, Göran
(författare)
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Overtraining, staleness, and burnout in sports
- 2001
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Intense and frequently performed physical training can result in both adaptation and maladaptation often referred to as overtraining syndrome/ staleness or burnout depending on the severity of the condition. In Study I, a new conceptual model was presented generating a holistic understanding of both process and outcome; the concept of Total Quality Recovery was also developed.In Study II and III, the incidence rate and nature of staleness and its relationship with burnout across countries and sports were examined. In Study IV, the utility of right-now mood state responses was explored in order to monitor training and recovery in a naturalistic setting.Too much training (physiologically driven), high levels of psychosocial stress in combination with moderate training loads (psychosociologically driven), and an obvious lack of recovery actions undertaken (poor recovery driven) are major pathways accounting for the majority of stale and burnout athletes.Four core attributes of staleness were identified: performance decrement, mood disturbance, exhaustion, and perceptual distortion. Analogues with staleness, the first three attributes were also suggested as core dimensions of burnout, together with devaluation referring to negative attitudes toward sport and involvement in it. Frequent episodes, or long lasting periods of staleness, may place the athlete at risk of ultimately developing burnout. Self-monitoring of training and recovery is regarded as an important strategy that promotes self-awareness and self-control, which subsequently may enhance continuous adaptation and prevent maladaptive consequences.Promoting continued performance development and shortterm peak performance can best be conceptualized as a psychosociophysiological act of balance.
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| 3. |
- Kenttä, Göran, et al.
(författare)
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Training practices and overtraining syndrome in Swedish age-group athletes.
- 2001
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Ingår i: International Journal of Sports Medicine. - : Georg Thieme Verlag KG. - 0172-4622 .- 1439-3964. ; 22:6, s. 460-5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Heavy training in combination with inadequate recovery actions can result in the overtraining/staleness syndrome and burnout. Even young and aspiring elite athletes develop staleness. The aim was therefore to determine the incidence and nature of staleness, and its association with training behavior and psychosocial stressors in young elite athletes. A sample of 272 individuals from 16 sports completed questionnaires on training, staleness, and psychosocial stress and 37% reported being stale at least once. The incidence rate was higher for individual sports (48%) compared with team (30%) and less physically demanding sports (18%). Stale athletes reported greater perceptual changes and negatively elevated mood scores in comparison to healthy athletes. Staleness was distinguished from burnout on the basis of motivational consequences; 41 % of the athletes lost their motivation for training, which in turn indicates a state of burnout. Further, 35 % of the athletes reported low satisfaction with time spent on important relationships, 29% rated the relationship with their coach as ranging from very, very bad to only moderately good. The results indicate that staleness is a widespread problem among young athletes in a variety of sports, and is not solely related to physical training, but also to non-training stressors.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Raglin, John, et al.
(författare)
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Training Practices and Staleness in 13-18-Year-Old Swimmers : A Cross-cultural Study.
- 2000
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Ingår i: Pediatric Exercise Science. - 0899-8493 .- 1543-2920. ; 12:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Compares staleness rates and training practices across countries based on adolescent swimmers from different nations. Range of staleness incidence for endurance athletes; Rate of mood disturbance among stale swimmers; Differences in the pattern of staleness symptoms.
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