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- Ahlström, Christer, et al.
(författare)
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A gaze-based driver distraction warning system and its effect on visual behaviour
- 2013
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Ingår i: IEEE transactions on intelligent transportation systems (Print). - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). - 1524-9050 .- 1558-0016. ; 14:2, s. 965-973
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Driver distraction is a contributing factor to many crashes; therefore, a real-time distraction warning system should have the potential to mitigate or circumvent many of these crashes. The objective of this paper is to investigate the usefulness of a real-time distraction detection algorithm called AttenD. The evaluation is based on data from an extended field study comprising seven drivers who drove on an average of 4351 ± 2181 km in a naturalistic setting.Visual behavior was investigated both on a global scale and on a local scale in the surroundings of each warning. An increase in the percentage of glances at the rear-view mirror and a decrease in the amount of glances at the center console were found. The results also show that visual time sharing decreased in duration from 9.94 to 9.20 s due to the warnings, that the time from fully attentive to warning decreased from 3.20 to 3.03 s, and that the time from warning to full attentiveness decreased from 6.02 to 5.46 s. The limited number of participants does not allow any generalizable conclusions, but a trend toward improved visual behavior could be observed. This is a promising start for further improvements of the algorithm and the warning strategy.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Ahlström, Christer, et al.
(författare)
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Performance of a one-camera and a three-camera system
- 2010
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Driving and operating a vehicle is to a great extent a visual task. In driver behaviour studies it is therefore important to be able to measure where the driver is looking. Today this can be done unobtrusively and remotely in real-time with camera based eye tracking. The most common remote eye tracking systems use multiple cameras in order to give satisfactory results. However, promising results using only one camera has recently emerged on the market. The main objective of this study is to compare eye tracking systems with one and three cameras, respectively, during various measurement conditions.A total of 53 participants were enrolled in the study. Data from the two eye trackers were acquired and analysed in terms of availability, accuracy and precision. The results indicate that both availability and accuracy are affected by many different factors. The most important factors are the number of cameras that is used and the angular distance from straight ahead. In the central region (straight ahead) both one-camera and three-camera systems have a high degree of accuracy and availability, but with increasing distance from the central region, the results deteriorate. This effect falls harder upon the one-camera system. Interestingly, there were no significant effects when wearing glasses in either availability or accuracy. There was however an interaction effect between distance and glasses.Advantages with a one-camera system are that it is cheaper, easier to operate and easier to install in a vehicle. A multi-camera system will, on the other hand, provide higher availability and accuracy for areas that are far from the road centre. A one-camera system is thus mostly suitable for in-vehicle applications such as systems that warn drivers for sleepiness or distraction while multi-camera solutions are preferable for research purposes.
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| 4. |
- Barnard, Yvonne, et al.
(författare)
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Selection of operator support systems across modes
- 2010
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This Deliverable provides an outline of the process involved in task 2.2 of the ITERATE project forselecting an appropriate set of hypotheses to be tested inWorkpackages 3 (Experimental design andscenario specification), and 4 (Experimental studies).During a workshop with all partners involved in the project, hypotheses were formulated for thethree main system functionalities outlined in D2.1: those that support speed management (SpeedManagement), systems that support system object detection and avoidance (Collision Avoidance)and those that monitor operator state (Operator State). In formulating these hypotheses, partnerswere encouraged to consider systematically the effect of operator state and different operatorgroups on interaction with these three systems. To allow succinct formulation of hypotheses, fouroperator based parameters which are thought to affect operator behaviour with the system, wereidentified: sensation-seeking, hazard perception, fatigue and (high and low) task demand. Informulating hypotheses, partnerswere encouraged to consider the whole process linking a cause toan effect, with a clear mechanism that would link the two.
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| 8. |
- Eriksson, Alexander, et al.
(författare)
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Can user-paced, menu-free spoken language interfaces improve dual task handling while driving?
- 2014
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Ingår i: Human-Computer Interaction. Advanced Interaction Modalities and Techniques. - Cham : Springer. ; , s. 394-405, s. 394-405
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The use of speech-based interaction over traditional means of interaction in secondary tasks may increase safety in demanding environments with high requirements on operator attention. Speech interfaces have suffered from issues similar to those of visual displays, as they often rely on a complex menu structure that corresponds to that of visual systems. Recent advances in speech technology allow the use of natural language, eliminating the need for menu structures and offering a tighter coupling between the intention to act and the completion of the action. Modern speech technology may not only make already existing types of interaction safer, but also opens up for new applications, which may enhance safety. One such application is a speech-based hazard reporting system. A small fixed-base simulator study showed that drivers adapt the timing of the hazard reports to the situation at hand, such that an increase in reported workload was avoided.
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| 9. |
- Kircher, Albert, 1975, et al.
(författare)
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Behaviour of deck officers with new assistance systems in the maritime domain
- 2011
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Ingår i: HFES - Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Europe Chapter Conference. October 19-21, 2011, Leeds, UK.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The maritime domain is seeing new developments in systems aimed at increasing safety and efficiency of transport. These systems are tested for norm compliance and technical capability, but human factor aspects are not always part of the evaluation. The article argues that this is required, and exemplifies factors of interest with data from a simulator study. Two new systems related to collision warning and speed management were tested on 32 participants in full mission bridge simulators. The factors of main interest were the officers' experience, attitudes and workload. Data on the officers' behaviour were collected for complete runs and for different events related to possible collisions for the one system, and areas where speed should be limited for the second system. Differences in the officers' behaviour were observed in relation to several variables. The study claims that in addition to ensuring the technical capability of systems, a number of human factor issues have to be taken into account. Important aspects of the evaluation are highlighted.
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| 10. |
- Kircher, Albert, 1975, et al.
(författare)
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Performance of Seafarers During Extended Simulation Runs
- 2011
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Ingår i: RINA - Human Factors in Ship Design and Operation.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The term “good seamanship” is often used to describe the behaviour of deck officers who navigate according to a commonly accepted set of norms. Even though these norms offer a certain flexibility, most of them are covered by laws and regulations. The navigation performance of deck officers is also of interest, and it could be argued that there is a connection between the terms. For training and evaluation of deck officers an objective assessment of performance is also of great advantage. The scope of the paper is to analyse how different measures can be used to describe navigation performance, and the relationship between these in different collision situations. During an extended simulator study with 50 deck officers, navigation performance was assessed while participants spent one complete week in navigation simulators. Their task was a realistic 24/7 voyage through the English Channel, and each participant spent 64 or 90 hours in the simulator.
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