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- Lagou, M, et al.
(författare)
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Location of interstitial cells and neurotransmitters in the mouse bladder
- 2006
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Ingår i: BJU International. - : Blackwell Publishing Ltd. - 1464-4096 .- 1464-410X. ; 97:6, s. 1332-1337
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To investigate whether interstitial cells (ICs) are present in the adult mouse bladder, and what transmitters characterize adjacent nerve fibres, as ICs in human and guinea-pig bladder lie close to nerve fibres but transmitters present in these nerves have not yet been reported. Sections of the bladder wall from 12 adult male mice (six each, aged 3-4 or 18-24 months) were incubated in carboxygenated Krebs' solution containing isobutyl-methyl-xanthene (1 mM), followed by the nitric oxide (NO) donor diethylamino-NONOate; control tissues remained in Krebs' solution. Samples were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde and processed for immunofluorescence histochemistry for cGMP, neuronal NO synthase (nNOS), vesicular acetylcholine transferase (VAChT), calcitonin gene-related polypeptide (CGRP) and protein gene product (PGP) 9.5. ICs were identified as non-neuronal cells of appropriate morphology manifesting an increase in cGMP after exposure to the NO donor. ICs were apparent in the outer muscle, but not the inner muscle or suburothelial region. nNOS- and CGRP-immunoreactive fibres were close to and alongside IC processes. In contrast, nerve fibres containing VAChT were only occasionally found close to ICs and rarely running alongside them. ICs showed no immunoreactivity to c-kit. There was no overt difference in IC cell distribution between young and aged adult specimens. Older mice showed patchy denervation of the detrusor, but ICs were not specifically affected. ICs are confined to the outer part of the bladder wall in the mouse and may receive peptidergic and nitrergic innervation, which might serve to modulate their putative functional role. Alterations in the overall IC population do not appear to underlie ageing-related changes in lower urinary tract function.
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- Lossow, Stefan, et al.
(författare)
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Middle atmospheric water vapour and dynamics in the vicinity of the polar vortex during the Hygrosonde-2 campaign
- 2009
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Ingår i: Atmospheric Chemistry And Physics. - 1680-7316 .- 1680-7324. ; 9, s. 4407-4417
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Hygrosonde-2 campaign took place on 16 December 2001 at Esrange/Sweden (68° N, 21° E) with the aim to investigate the small scale distribution of water vapour in the middle atmosphere in the vicinity of the Arctic polar vortex. In situ balloon and rocket-borne measurements of water vapour were performed by means of OH fluorescence hygrometry. The combined measurements yielded a high resolution water vapour profile up to an altitude of 75 km. Using the characteristic of water vapour being a dynamical tracer it was possible to directly relate the water vapour data to the location of the polar vortex edge, which separates air masses of different character inside and outside the polar vortex. The measurements probed extra-vortex air in the altitude range between 45 km and 60 km and vortex air elsewhere. Transitions between vortex and extra-vortex usually coincided with wind shears caused by gravity waves which advect air masses with different water vapour volume mixing ratios. From the combination of the results from the Hygrosonde-2 campaign and the first flight of the optical hygrometer in 1994 (Hygrosonde-1) a clear picture of the characteristic water vapour distribution inside and outside the polar vortex can be drawn. Systematic differences in the water vapour concentration between the inside and outside of the polar vortex can be observed all the way up into the mesosphere. It is also evident that in situ measurements with high spatial resolution are needed to fully account for the small-scale exchange processes in the polar winter middle atmosphere.
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