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- Araujo, Luis, et al.
(författare)
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Enacting novel agencements: the case of Frequent Flyer schemes in the US airline industry (1981–1991)
- 2016
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Ingår i: Consumption, Markets and Culture. - : Taylor & Francis (Routledge). - 1477-223X .- 1025-3866. ; 19:1, s. 92-110
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- After the deregulation of the US market for air travel in 1978, incumbent airlines sought to find their feet in a challenging new commercial reality. A major initiative was the creation of so-called Frequent Flyer Programs (FFPs), which quickly became a standard tool for airline marketing. We analyze the introduction and subsequent development of these FFPs as a process of agencing resulting in multiple and novel market agencements. We explain how the apparent success of the FFPs resulted from a series of parallel and complementary investments that went far beyond the airlines setting up their own loyalty programs. These investments contributed to reshuffle the agencies involved, not only by giving birth to the “Frequent Flyer” category but also by introducing new agential capacities for the airlines, travelers, travel agents and corporate customers of air travel. The paper concludes with reflections on how our empirical case can help us understand the evolutionary dynamics of agencing efforts and the resulting agencements.
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- Araujo, Luis, et al.
(författare)
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Forming cognitions by investing in a form : Frequent flyer programs in US air travel post-deregulation (1981-1991)
- 2015
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Ingår i: Industrial Marketing Management. - : Elsevier. - 0019-8501. ; 48, s. 68-78
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper addresses the link between action and cognition in markets. Increasing reliance on markets to co-ordinate economic activity across diverse contexts underscores the need to better understand how such coordination is achieved and how it can be changed. Our starting point is sense-making in formal organizations and markets. We argue that, whereas focusing on intersubjective agreements supported by frequent communication provides useful insights on coordination in formal organizations, coordination in markets cannot rely on these mechanisms alone. We borrow Thévenot's (1984) notions of form and investments in form to show how cognition and action are interrelated, and coordination achieved, in market settings. A form is characterized by its capacity to generate temporal and spatial equivalencies, allowing us to move from the particular (e.g., one exchange episode) to the generic (e.g., recurrent exchanges with particular types of customers). The development of a form helps construct common contexts of action which become the basis for coordinated actions.Our empirical case describes how the introduction of Frequent flyer programs created a new market form following the US Airline Deregulation Act (1978). Under the previous regulatory regime, the US Civil Aeronautics Board controlled routes and prices and airlines were limited to competing on frequency and quality of service. We show how successive rounds of investments by a variety of market actors helped articulate and consolidate the new market form over a 10-year period. Whereas action preceded cognition in the early stages, the gradual consolidation of the new form provided opportunities for market participants to gain reflexive distance and conjure up further ways to engage with the form.
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| 8. |
- Cochoy, Franck, 1964, et al.
(författare)
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The ethno-graphy of prices: On the fingers of the invisible hand (1922-1947)
- 2019
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Ingår i: Organization. - : SAGE Publications. - 1350-5084 .- 1461-7323. ; 26:4, s. 492-516
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article is part of a project examining the long-term process of price display digitalization, ranging from manually written prices to contemporary electronic shelf labels. Based on the etymology of the term ‘digital’ (from digitus, finger or toe), we intend to show that the display of prices in retail settings surprisingly rests on a long-term digitalization process that started in the early 20th century. The study is based on a systematic reading of the trade magazine The Progressive Grocer during its first decades (1922-1947). This magazine assisted independent American grocers in their move from counter-service to self-service, and in facing the challenges of new competitors like chain stores and supermarkets. In this process, the disclosure of prices and their proper writing—their ethno-graphy—was central. We focus on a crucial and transitional period: the move from coded to open prices. This period entailed a double development of price ‘fingerization’ (using the fingers to write the prices) and price ‘de-fingerization’ (getting rid of handwriting thanks to novel price tag and printing devices). Ethnographying these mundane evolutions illuminates the role of the fingers of the invisible hand that animates the market, so to say.
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| 10. |
- Cochoy, Franck, 1964, et al.
(författare)
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The technologies of price display: mundane retail price governance in the early twentieth century
- 2018
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Ingår i: Economy and Society. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0308-5147 .- 1469-5766. ; 47:4, s. 572-606
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- How is everyday retail pricing practices and devices linked to large-scale, market-wide movements in retail prices? This paper investigates how the development and spread of seemingly insignificant price display technologies in US grocery retailing related to the development of US food prices at large during the interwar years (1918–1939). We find that the development of these new technologies (e.g. preprinted price cards, price tags and price mouldings) afforded new retail pricing practices (e.g. price cutting, specials and bundles). This development both fed off and contributed to the periods of intense price competition that marked the development of US food prices in the studied period. We conclude that price formation mechanisms are historically situated socio-technical phenomena rather than the product of abstract and historically constant market forces. As such, well-working markets hinge on the efforts of a wide range of market actors to continuously test the contextualization of particular price mechanisms and develop alternative solutions to overcome the shortcomings that such reflexive efforts are able to establish.
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