| 1. |
- Grohmann, Elisabeth, et al.
(författare)
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Acquired resistance from gene transfer
- 2019
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Ingår i: Antibiotic drug resistance. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 9781119282525 - 9781119282549 ; , s. 141-165
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The occurrence of multiple antibiotic-resistant pathogens is steadily increasing, and their presence is not limited to clinical settings as they are also encountered in the environment. Horizontal gene transfer is a crucial means of generation and spread of multiresistant pathogenic bacteria. It is subdivided into three different mechanisms: conjugation (conjugative transfer), transformation, and transduction, of which conjugative transfer of plasmids and integrative conjugative elements (ICE) is the most important one. In 2017, the World Health Organization (WHO) published a list of antibiotic-resistant bacterial pathogens for which alternative drugs or treatments need to be urgently developed. Here, we review the spread and transfer mechanisms of these antibiotic resistances and end with current approaches, which could aid in tackling them.
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| 2. |
- Kohler, Verena, 1992-, et al.
(författare)
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Problematic groups of multidrug-resistant bacteria and their resistance mechanisms
- 2019
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Ingår i: Antibacterial drug discovery to combat MDR. - Singapore : Springer Nature. - 9789811398704 - 9789811398735 - 9789811398711 ; , s. 25-69
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The occurrence of multidrug-resistant pathogenic bacteria is steadily increasing, not only in medical centers but also in food, animals and the environment, which is of primordial concern for health authorities worldwide. The World Health Organization (WHO) published a global pathogen priority list to encourage international interdisciplinary research initiatives on the occurrence, dissemination, and epidemiology of the most dangerous multiresistant pathogens with the aim to develop effective prevention strategies against the spread of these bugs and new therapeutic approaches to treat infections in agreement with the One Health concept. According to the WHO global pathogen priority list, the most critical resistant pathogens include carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and carbapenem-resistant as well as third-generation cephalosporin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. This critical group is followed by pathogens of high priority including vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium, methicillin- and vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, and clarithromycin-resistant Helicobacter pylori. Here, we summarize recent data on the occurrence and spread of these and other harmful resistant pathogens, on their resistance mechanisms as well as on the modes of resistance spread, as far as is known. We finish the chapter with an outlook on promising innovative strategies to treat infectious diseases caused by multiresistant pathogens – in combination with antibiotic therapy – as well as on approaches to combat the antibiotic resistance spread.
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| 3. |
- Kohler, Verena, 1992-, et al.
(författare)
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Regulation of gram-positive conjugation
- 2019
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Microbiology. - : Frontiers Media S.A.. - 1664-302X. ; 10
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Type IV Secretion Systems (T4SSs) are membrane-spanning multiprotein complexes dedicated to protein secretion or conjugative DNA transport (conjugation systems) in bacteria. The prototype and best-characterized T4SS is that of the Gram-negative soil bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens. For Gram-positive bacteria, only conjugative T4SSs have been characterized in some biochemical, structural, and mechanistic details. These conjugation systems are predominantly encoded by self-transmissible plasmids but are also increasingly detected on integrative and conjugative elements (ICEs) and transposons. Here, we report regulatory details of conjugation systems from Enterococcus model plasmids pIP501 and pCF10, Bacillus plasmid pLS1, Clostridium plasmid pCW3, and staphylococcal plasmid pSK41. In addition, regulation of conjugative processes of ICEs (ICEBs1, ICESt1, ICESt3) by master regulators belonging to diverse repressor families will be discussed. A special focus of this review lies on the comparison of regulatory mechanisms executed by proteins belonging to the RRNPP family. These regulators share a common fold and govern several essential bacterial processes, including conjugative transfer.
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