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- Komakech, Allan, et al.
(författare)
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Characterization of municipal waste in Kampala, Uganda
- 2014
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Ingår i: Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association. - : Taylor & Francis. - 1096-2247 .- 2162-2906. ; 64:3, s. 340-348
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In Kampala, Uganda, about 28,000 tons of waste is collected and delivered to a landfill every month. Kampala Capital City Authority (KCCA) records show that this represents approximately 40% of the waste generated in the city. The remaining uncollected waste is normally dumped in unauthorized sites, causing health and environmental problems. However, the organic fraction of domestic waste can provide an opportunity to improve livelihoods and incomes through fertilizer and energy production. This study characterized the municipal waste generated in Kampala and delivered to Kiteezi landfill between July 2011 and June 2012, that is, covering the dry and wet months. On each sampling day, waste was randomly selected from five trucks, sorted and weighed into different physical fractions. Samples of the organic waste from each truck were analyzed for total solids, major nutrients, and energy content. During the wet months, the waste consisted of 88.5% organics, 3.8% soft plastics, 2.8% hard plastics, 2.2% paper, 0.9% glass, 0.7% textiles and leather, 0.2% metals, and 1.0% others. During the dry months, the waste consisted of 94.8% organics, 2.4% soft plastics, 1.0% hard plastics, 0.7% papers, 0.3% glass, 0.3% textile and leather, 0.1% metals, and 0.3% others. The organic waste on average had a moisture content of 71.1% and contained 1.89% nitrogen, 0.27% phosphorus, and 1.95% potassium. The waste had an average gross energy content of 17.3 MJ/kg. It was concluded that the organic waste generated can be a suitable source of some plant nutrients that are useful especially in urban agriculture. Implications: The result of the waste characterization in Kampala was found to be significantly different from that obtained for other Sub-Saharan African (SSA) cities, showing that studies assuming average values for the waste fractions are likely to result in erroneous results. Furthermore, no reduction in organic fraction of the waste was noticed when compared with a study done two decades ago in spite of greatly improved economic status of Kampala city, a finding that is not in agreement with several other similar studies done for other SSA cities.
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| 2. |
- Komakech, Allan, et al.
(författare)
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Maps of animal urban agriculture in Kampala City
- 2014
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Ingår i: Agronomy for Sustainable Development. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1774-0746 .- 1773-0155. ; 34, s. 493-500
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Animal urban agriculture has a vital role to feed the ever-growing population of African cities. However, there is a lack of knowledge on animal farming, animal feed and manure recycling in cities. Here, we mapped animal farms in Kampala City. We determined the number and type of animals kept. We identified animal feeds and the manure management practices. The results show that animal farms are predominantly located on the periphery of the city. Poultry are the dominant animal species in the city, followed by pigs, cattle, goats and sheep. The most common feedstuffs are fruit and vegetable peel and pasture. Sixty percent of the animal manure is discarded, whereas 32 % is recycled as fertiliser. Therefore, the fertiliser potential of manure is underutilised.
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| 3. |
- Komakech, Allan
(författare)
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Urban waste management and the environmental impact of organic waste treatment systems in Kampala, Uganda
- 2014
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In Kampala, Uganda, about 28,000 tonnes of waste are collected and delivered to landfill every month. Kampala Capital City Authority records show that this represents approximately 40 % of the waste generated in the city. The remaining uncollected waste is normally burnt and/or dumped in unauthorised sites, causing health and environmental problems. However, the organic fraction of domestic waste can provide an opportunity to improve livelihoods and incomes through fertiliser and energy production. This study employed environmental systems analysis to identify the most environmentally efficient technologies for treating the organic waste generated. The work was undertaken through interrelated studies. These were a literature review of waste hierarchy practices suitable to the development of a sub-Saharan African city using Kampala as a case study; a physical and chemical characterisation of municipal waste collected and delivered to Kampala’s landfill over the span of a year to cover both dry and wet seasons; a mapping of the location of animal farms and the establishment of animal feeding and waste management practices on animal farms in Kampala; treatment of Kampala's organic waste by means of the vermicompost method and finally using life cycle analysis to identify the best waste treatment method for organic waste generated out of anaerobic digestion, compost, vermicompost and fly larvae waste treatment technologies. The impact categories assessed were energy use, global warming and eutrophication potentials. Generally, the results showed that re-use and waste prevention waste hierarchy methods are the most feasible for the development of waste management in Kampala: over 92 % of the waste generated is organic in nature, containing on average a moisture content of 71.1 %, 1.65 % nitrogen, 0.28 % phosphorus, 2.38 % potassium and a gross energy content of 17 MJ/kg; most animal farms are located on the periphery of the city, and the most popular animal feeds are peelings and pasture; 60 % of the animal manure generated is discarded and 32 % used as fertiliser; a 60.3% material degradation was achieved in the vermicompost process while the feed-to-biomass conversion rate was 3.6 % on a dry matter basis; and finally anaerobic digestion performs best in terms of energy use, global warming potential and eutrophication potential. However the study concluded that poorly managed anaerobic digestion technology with extensive methane leakages will make a considerable contribution to global warming. Further research is needed to establish the viability of fly larvae waste composting in sub-Saharan Africa and to measure direct emissions from the different organic waste treatment technologies in a sub-Sahara African city setting.
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