| 1. |
- Hoshino, Ayuko, et al.
(författare)
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Extracellular Vesicle and Particle Biomarkers Define Multiple Human Cancers
- 2020
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Ingår i: Cell. - : CELL PRESS. - 0092-8674 .- 1097-4172. ; 182:4, s. 1044-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- There is an unmet clinical need for improved tissue and liquid biopsy tools for cancer detection. We investigated the proteomic profile of extracellular vesicles and particles (EVPs) in 426 human samples from tissue explants (TEs), plasma, and other bodily fluids. Among traditional exosome markers, CD9, HSPA8, ALIX, and HSP90AB1 represent pan-EVP markers, while ACTB, MSN, and RAP1B are novel pan-EVP markers. To confirm that EVPs are ideal diagnostic tools, we analyzed proteomes of TE- (n =151) and plasma-derived (n =120) EVPs. Comparison of TE EVPs identified proteins (e.g., VCAN, TNC, and THBS2) that distinguish tumors from normal tissues with 90% sensitivity/94% specificity. Machine-learning classification of plasma-derived EVP cargo, including immunoglobulins, revealed 95% sensitivity/90% specificity in detecting cancer Finally, we defined a panel of tumor-type-specific EVP proteins in TEs and plasma, which can classify tumors of unknown primary origin. Thus, EVP proteins can serve as reliable biomarkers for cancer detection and determining cancer type.
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| 2. |
- Kannan, Bharath, et al.
(författare)
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Waveguide quantum electrodynamics with superconducting artificial giant atoms
- 2020
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Ingår i: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0028-0836 .- 1476-4687. ; 583:7818, s. 775-779
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Models of light–matter interactions in quantum electrodynamics typically invoke the dipole approximation1,2, in which atoms are treated as point-like objects when compared to the wavelength of the electromagnetic modes with which they interact. However, when the ratio between the size of the atom and the mode wavelength is increased, the dipole approximation no longer holds and the atom is referred to as a ‘giant atom’2,3. So far, experimental studies with solid-state devices in the giant-atom regime have been limited to superconducting qubits that couple to short-wavelength surface acoustic waves4–10, probing the properties of the atom at only a single frequency. Here we use an alternative architecture that realizes a giant atom by coupling small atoms to a waveguide at multiple, but well separated, discrete locations. This system enables tunable atom–waveguide couplings with large on–off ratios3 and a coupling spectrum that can be engineered by the design of the device. We also demonstrate decoherence-free interactions between multiple giant atoms that are mediated by the quasi-continuous spectrum of modes in the waveguide—an effect that is not achievable using small atoms11. These features allow qubits in this architecture to switch between protected and emissive configurations in situ while retaining qubit–qubit interactions, opening up possibilities for high-fidelity quantum simulations and non-classical itinerant photon generation12,13.
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| 3. |
- Kjaergaard, M., et al.
(författare)
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Demonstration of Density Matrix Exponentiation Using a Superconducting Quantum Processor
- 2022
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Ingår i: Physical Review X. - 2160-3308. ; 12:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Quantum computers hold the potential to outperform classical supercomputers at certain tasks. To implement algorithms on a quantum computer, programmers use conventional computers and hardware to create a set of classical control signals that implement a desired quantum algorithm. However, feeding the quantum information forward requires an inefficient conversion: extraction of quantum information, conversion to classical control signals, and reinjection of those signals into the system to implement quantum operations. Here, we demonstrate a more natively quantum strategy to programming quantum computers. Our approach uses the density matrix exponentiation (DME) protocol, a general technique for using a quantum state to enact a quantum operation. It can be thought of as a subroutine with which programmers can turn multiple copies of a quantum state into instructions for next steps in a quantum algorithm.We implement DME using two qubits in a superconducting quantum processor. Our implementation relies on a high-fidelity two-qubit gate and a novel technique called quantum measurement emulation to approximately reset a known quantum state. These developments enable us to demonstrate the DME protocol for the first time on a small-scale quantum processor and benchmark its performance.While DME was originally proposed in the context of a specific quantum machine-learning algorithm, it may also represent a fundamentally different approach to quantum programming. It allows the possibility of encoding quantum algorithms directly into quantum states and executing those algorithms on other quantum states, enabling a new class of efficient quantum algorithms.
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| 4. |
- Krantz, David, et al.
(författare)
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IL-16 processing in sentinel node regulatory T cells is a factor in bladder cancer immunity
- 2020
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Immunology. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0300-9475 .- 1365-3083. ; 92:6
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the effort of developing new immunotherapies, the sentinel node (SN) has proven a promising source from which to harness an effective antitumour T cell response. However, tumour immune escape, a process in which regulatory T cells (Tregs) play a central role, remains a major limiting factor. Therefore, there is a clear need to increase the knowledge of Treg function and signalling in sentinel nodes. Here, we set out to explore whether the proteome in SN-resident T cells is altered by the tumour and to identify key proteins in SN T cell signalling, focusing on Tregs. Five patients with muscle-invasive urothelial bladder cancer were prospectively included. Mass spectrometry was performed on two patients, with validation and functional studies being performed on three additional patients and four healthy donors. At cystectomy, SN, non-SN lymph nodes and peripheral blood samples were collected from the patients and T cell subsets isolated through flow cytometry before downstream experiments. Proteomic analysis indicated that growth and immune signalling pathways are upregulated in SN-resident Tregs. Furthermore, centrality analysis identified the cytokine IL-16 to be central in the SN-Treg signalling network. We show that tumour-released factors, through activating caspase-3, increase Treg IL-16 processing into bioactive forms, reinforcing Treg suppressive capacity. In conclusion, we provide evidence that Tregs exposed to secreted factors from bladder tumours show increased immune and growth signalling and altered IL-16 processing which translates to enhanced Treg suppressive function, indicating altered IL-16 signalling as a novel tumour immune escape mechanism.
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