| 1. |
|
|
| 2. |
|
|
| 3. |
|
|
| 4. |
- Hull, A, et al.
(author)
-
Vapour-liquid equilibrium of binary mixtures. 1. Ethanol-1-butanol, ethanol + octane, 1-butanol + octane
- 2006
-
In: Journal of Chemical and Engineering Data. - 0021-9568 .- 1520-5134. ; 51, s. 1996-2001
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The activity coefficients of the binary mixtures ethanol + 1-butanol, ethanol + octane, and 1-butanol + octane were determined at temperatures of (308.15, 313.15, and 318.15) K. The determination of the vapor phase composition at equilibrium was carried out using headspace gas chromatography analysis. Multiple headspace extraction was used to calibrate the headspace gas chromatograph. Comparison of the phase diagrams produced using standard Legendre orthogonal polynomial techniques with phase diagrams from the literature showed good agreement. The composition of the azeotropes were reported, where applicable.
|
|
| 5. |
- Hull, A, et al.
(author)
-
Vapour-liquid equilibrium of binary mixtures. 2. Ethanol + 2,2,4-trimethylpentane, 1-butanol + 2,2,4-trimethylpentane, and ethanol + o-xylene
- 2006
-
In: Journal of Chemical and Engineering Data. - 0021-9568 .- 1520-5134. ; 51, s. 2002-2008
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The activity coefficients of the binary mixtures ethanol + 2,2,4-trimethylpentane, 1-butanol + 2,2,4-trimethylpentane, and ethanol + o-xylene were determined at temperatures of (308.15, 313.15, and 318.15) K. The determination of the vapor phase composition at equilibrium was carried out using headspace gas chromatography analysis. Multiple headspace extraction was used to calibrate the headspace gas chromatograph. Comparison of the experimental phase diagrams with phase diagrams from the literature shows good agreement. The composition of the azeotropes are reported, where they exist. The molar Gibbs energy of mixing is reported for all mixtures studied. The infinite dilution activity coefficients are reported for all components of all mixtures. Some thermodynamic models (those of Wilson, NRTL, UNIQUAC, and Flory-Scatchard) have been compared with regard to their suitability for modeling the experimental data.
|
|
| 6. |
- Karlsson, Anders, et al.
(author)
-
Transient wave propagation in gyrotropic media
- 1992
-
In: Invariant inbedding and inverse problems. - 0898713056 ; , s. 77-89
-
Book chapter (other academic/artistic)abstract
- In this paper transient electromagnetic wave propagation in an inhomogeneous, cold plasma is considered. It is assumed that a constant magnetic induction is present and that the plasma is spatially inhomogeneous in the direction of the magnetic induction. Losses in the plasma are modeled with a collision frequency ν. The direct problem, which is to calculate the reflected and transmitted responses of the plasma, is considered in this paper. Special attention is paid to the precursor effects in the plasma and several examples of precursor effects in an inhomogeneous plasma are showed.
|
|
| 7. |
- Karlsson, Anders, et al.
(author)
-
Wave splitting and imbedding equations for a spherically symmetric dispersive medium
- 1992
-
In: Invariant inbedding and inverse problems. - 0898713056 ; , s. 103-113
-
Book chapter (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The direct problem of time dependent electromagnetic scattering in the dispersive sphere is solved by a wave splitting technique. The electric field is expanded in a series involving vector spherical harmonics, leading to a system of wave equations for each term. These systems are reduced to scalar wave equations for each term, which are solved via reflection operators. Some preliminary numerical results are presented.
|
|
| 8. |
- Kristensson, Gerhard, et al.
(author)
-
Time domain inversion techniques for electromagnetic scattering problems
- 1992
-
In: Invariant imbedding and inverse problems. - 0898713056 ; , s. 1-29
-
Book chapter (other academic/artistic)abstract
- This paper presents a review of and a comparison between two different methods to solve an inverse scattering problem in the time domain. The problem is that of propagation of transient electromagnetic waves in spatially inhomogeneous slabs of finite length. The permittivity and conductivity profiles are assumed to vary only with depth and the scattering problem is thus onedimensional. Several algorithms to solve the direct and inverse scattering problems for continuous and discontinuous permittivity profiles are suggested. Some of these algorithms have not been published before. The aim of this paper is to compare and review these methods. More specifically, the numerical performance of the invariant imbedding approach (layer-stripping)and the Green functions formulation (downward continuation)is compared. Some new results based upon time reversal techniques for a lossless slab are presented in an appendix.
|
|
| 9. |
|
|
| 10. |
- Paramonov, M., et al.
(author)
-
A synthesis of cloud condensation nuclei counter (CCNC) measurements within the EUCAARI network
- 2015
-
In: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. - : Copernicus GmbH. - 1680-7324. ; 15:21, s. 12211-12229
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Cloud condensation nuclei counter (CCNC) measurements performed at 14 locations around the world within the European Integrated project on Aerosol Cloud Climate and Air Quality interactions (EUCAARI) framework have been analysed and discussed with respect to the cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) activation and hygroscopic properties of the atmospheric aerosol. The annual mean ratio of activated cloud condensation nuclei (N-CCN) to the total number concentration of particles (N-CN), known as the activated fraction A, shows a similar functional dependence on supersaturation S at many locations - exceptions to this being certain marine locations, a free troposphere site and background sites in south-west Germany and northern Finland. The use of total number concentration of particles above 50 and 100 nm diameter when calculating the activated fractions (A(50) and A(100), respectively) renders a much more stable dependence of A on S; A(50) and A(100) also reveal the effect of the size distribution on CCN activation. With respect to chemical composition, it was found that the hygroscopicity of aerosol particles as a function of size differs among locations. The hygroscopicity parameter kappa decreased with an increasing size at a continental site in south-west Germany and fluctuated without any particular size dependence across the observed size range in the remote tropical North Atlantic and rural central Hungary. At all other locations kappa increased with size. In fact, in Hyytiala, Vavihill, Jungfraujoch and Pallas the difference in hygroscopicity between Aitken and accumulation mode aerosol was statistically significant at the 5% significance level. In a boreal environment the assumption of a size-independent kappa can lead to a potentially substantial overestimation of N-CCN at S levels above 0.6 %. The same is true for other locations where kappa was found to increase with size. While detailed information about aerosol hygroscopicity can significantly improve the prediction of N-CCN, total aerosol number concentration and aerosol size distribution remain more important parameters. The seasonal and diurnal patterns of CCN activation and hygroscopic properties vary among three long-term locations, highlighting the spatial and temporal variability of potential aerosol-cloud interactions in various environments.
|
|
