| 1. |
- Orlando, Ludovic, et al.
(författare)
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Recalibrating Equus evolution using the genome sequence of an early Middle Pleistocene horse
- 2013
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Ingår i: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0028-0836 .- 1476-4687. ; 499:7456, s. 74-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The rich fossil record of equids has made them a model for evolutionary processes(1). Here we present a 1.12-times coverage draft genome from a horse bone recovered from permafrost dated to approximately 560-780 thousand years before present (kyr BP)(2,3). Our data represent the oldest full genome sequence determined so far by almost an order of magnitude. For comparison, we sequenced the genome of a Late Pleistocene horse (43 kyr BP), and modern genomes of five domestic horse breeds (Equus ferus caballus), a Przewalski's horse (E. f. prze-walskii) and a donkey (E. asinus). Our analyses suggest that the Equus lineage giving rise to all contemporary horses, zebras and donkeys originated 4.0-4.5 million years before present (Myr BP), twice the conventionally accepted time to the most recent common ancestor of the genus Equus(4,5). We also find that horse population size fluctuated multiple times over the past 2 Myr, particularly during periods of severe climatic changes. We estimate that the Przewalski's and domestic horse populations diverged 38-72 kyr BP, and find no evidence of recent admixture between the domestic horse breeds and the Przewalski's horse investigated. This supports the contention that Przewalski's horses represent the last surviving wild horse population(6). We find similar levels of genetic variation among Przewalski's and domestic populations, indicating that the former are genetically viable and worthy of conservation efforts. We also find evidence for continuous selection on the immune system and olfaction throughout horse evolution. Finally, we identify 29 genomic regions among horse breeds that deviate from neutrality and show low levels of genetic variation compared to the Przewalski's horse. Such regions could correspond to loci selected early during domestication.
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| 2. |
- Krogh, Jesper, et al.
(författare)
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Growth hormone, prolactin and cortisol response to exercise in patients with depression
- 2010
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Ingår i: Journal of Affective Disorders. - : Elsevier BV. - 1573-2517 .- 0165-0327. ; 125:1-3, s. 189-197
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: A blunted growth hormone and prolactin response to pharmacological stress test have previously been found in depressed patients, as well as an increased cortisol response to psychosocial stress. This study investigated these hormones in response to acute exercise using an incremental bicycle test. Method: A cross-sectional comparison of cortisol, growth hormone, and prolactin in depressed (n = 137) and healthy (n = 44) subjects during rest and in response to an incremental bicycle test. Secondly, we tested the depressed patients again after a 4-month randomized naturalistic exercise intervention. Results: Resting plasma levels of growth hormone (GH), cortisol, or prolactin (PRL) did not differ between depressed and healthy subjects (all p-values > .12). In response to an incremental bicycle test the GH (p = .02) and cortisol (p = .05) response in depressed was different compared to healthy controls. The effect of acute exercise stress on PRL (p = .56) did not differ between depressed and healthy subjects. Apart from a decrease in CH response in the strength-training group (p = .03) the pragmatic exercise intervention did not affect resting hormonal levels, or the response to acute exercise. Conclusions: Patients with mild to moderate depression had a different growth hormone and cortisol response to acute exercise stress compared to healthy controls. Strength training was able to reduce the growth hormone response to acute exercise stress in this patient population. Studies with more rigorous inclusion criteria and higher exercise frequencies are needed to evaluate and confirm the possible effect of exercise in depressed subjects. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 3. |
- Krogh, Jesper, et al.
(författare)
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N-terminal pro-atrial natriuretic peptide response to acute exercise in depressed patients and healthy controls
- 2011
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Ingår i: Psychoneuroendocrinology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-3360 .- 0306-4530. ; 36:5, s. 656-663
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: The dysfunction of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in major depression includes hyperactivity and reduced feedback inhibition. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is able to reduce the HPA-axis response to stress and has an anxiolytic effect in rodents and humans. We hypothesized that patients with depression would have an attenuated N-terminal proANP (NT-proANP) response to acute exercise compared to healthy controls. Secondly, we aimed to assess the effect of antidepressants on NT-proANP response to acute exercise. Methods: We examined 132 outpatients with mild to moderate depression (ICD-10) and 44 healthy controls, group matched for age, sex, and BMI. We used an incremental bicycle ergometer test as a physical stressor. Blood samples were drawn at rest, at exhaustion, and 15, 30, and 60 min post-exercise. Results: The NT-proANP response to physical exercise differed between depressed subjects and healthy controls (group x time; F-4,F-162.9 = 10.92; p < 0.001). The increase from rest to VO2max was 0.98 (SD 0.8) and 1.96 nmol/l (SD 1.1), respectively, for depressed subjects and healthy controls (mean diff: 0.98 nmol/l; 95% CI 0.7-1.3; t = 6.63; df = 170; p < 0.001). The increase in NT-proANP from rest to peak VO2max was 1.27 (SD 1.0) and 0.84 nmol/l (SD 0.6), respectively, for unmedicated and medicated patients (mean diff: 0.42 nmol/l; 95% CI 0.1-0.8; t = 2.56; df = 128; p = 0.01). Conclusion: We observed an attenuated NT-proANP response to acute physical stress in depressed patients. Antidepressants were associated with an independent suppressive effect on the NT-proANP response. (c) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 4. |
- Krogh, Kristian B. R. M., et al.
(författare)
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Characterization and kinetic analysis of a thermostable GH3 beta-glucosidase from Penicillium brasilianum
- 2010
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Ingår i: Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1432-0614 .- 0175-7598. ; 86:1, s. 143-154
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A GH3 beta-glucosidase (BGL) from Penicillium brasilianum was purified to homogeneity after cultivation on a cellulose and xylan rich medium. The BGL was identified in a genomic library, and it was successfully expressed in Aspergillus oryzae. The BGL had excellent stability at elevated temperatures with no loss in activity after 24 h of incubation at 60A degrees C at pH 4-6, and the BGL was shown to have significantly higher stability at these conditions in comparison to Novozym 188 and to other fungal GH3 BGLs reported in the literature. The BGL had significant lower affinity for cellobiose compared with the artificial substrate para-nitrophenyl-beta-d-glucopyranoside (pNP-Glc) and further, pronounced substrate inhibition using pNP-Glc. Kinetic studies demonstrated the high importance of using cellobiose as substrate and glucose as inhibitor to describe the inhibition kinetics of BGL taking place during cellulose hydrolysis. A novel assay was developed to characterize this glucose inhibition on cellobiose hydrolysis. The assay uses labelled glucose-C-13(6) as inhibitor and subsequent mass spectrometry analysis to quantify the hydrolysis rates.
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| 5. |
- Krogh, K.B.R.M., et al.
(författare)
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Characterization and kinetic analysis of a thermostable GH3 β-glucosidase from Penicillum brasilianum
- 2010
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Ingår i: Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1432-0614 .- 0175-7598. ; 86:86, s. 143-154
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A GH3 β-glucosidase (BGL) from Penicillum brasilianum was purified to homogeneity after cultivation on a cellulose and xylan rich medium. The BGL was identified in a genomic library, and it was successfully expressed in Aspergillus oryzae. The BGL had excellent stability at elevated temperatures with no loss in activity after 24 h of incubation at 60°C at pH 4-6, and the BGL was shown to have significantly higher stability at these conditions in comparison to Novozym 188 and to other fungal GH3 BGLs reported in the literature. The BGL had significant lower afinity for cellobiose compared with the artificial substrate para-nitrophenyl-β-D-glucopyranoside (pNP-Glc)and further, pronounced substrate inhibition using p-NP-Glc. Kinetic studies demonstrated the high importance of using cellbiose as substrate and glucose as inhibitor to describe the inhibition kinetics of BGL taking place during cellulose hydrolysis. A novel assay was developed to characterize this glucose inhibition on cellobiose hydrolosis. The assay uses labelled glucose-13C6 as inhibitor and subsequent mass spectrometry analysis to quantify the hydrolysis rates
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| 6. |
- von Krogh, Torbjörn, 1948-
(författare)
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Understanding Media Accountability : Media Accountability in Relation to Media Criticism and Media Governance in Sweden 1940-2010
- 2012
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The concepts of media accountability, media criticism and media governance are analysed and discussed in a Swedish setting; how they relate to each other and interact. This is achieved by using various methods – a survey to editors, analy- ses of parliamentary debates, interviews, direct observation and document stu- dies – in studying different stakeholders, media representatives and governance conditions in Sweden during the last 70 years.The findings point in a direction of dynamic complexities with a central role for media criticism. The type, level and intensity of media criticism may affect the functioning of the media governance structure and is a vital part of the media accountability process. The media governance structure – which in addi- tion to media criticism is influenced by international conditions, technological developments and political factors – may in turn affect the media accountability process. In this process, media representatives aim to defend obtained positions of societal influence, achieve and maintain positive PR and enhance editorial quality at the same time.Media criticism may start a substantial media accountability process if the discontent is widespread and not countered by market approval or political iner- tia. The process is facilitated if the critique is connected to more than one frame of accountability and if stakeholders see opportunities for dual objectives. Very strong and widespread media criticism may be difficult for media organizations to neglect.The accountability process in Sweden has become less dependent on corpora- tive negotiations between organized interests and political assemblies. Instead, two other tendencies seem to have emerged: on the one hand a possibility for media organizations to favour such accountability processes that they are able to control, and on the other hand the rise of a rich variety of sometimes short-lived accountability instruments that may develop for specific occasions and are difficult to control.
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