| 1. |
- Krzysztofik, Robert, et al.
(författare)
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Environmental hazards and urban abandonment: Case studies and typological issues
- 2015
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Ingår i: Geografiska Annaler. Series B. Human Geography. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0435-3684 .- 1468-0467. ; 97:4, s. 291-308
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The article discusses the phenomenon of urban abandonment as a result of environmental hazards. Seen as an outcome of environmental drivers, the underlying assumption is that a characteristic of environmental hazards is their spatial and temporal constancy of impact, whereby processes and phenomena having taken place in the past have their analogies in the present. In order to generate insights for future research and policy development, there is a need to pay greater attention to the precarious relationship between humans and the natural environment, not least by drawing lessons from the past through the study of historical cases. The article clarifies the dynamic interactions of drivers and their progression through various stages of urban abandonment. This is done by recourse to an analysis of some general trends and an in-depth examination of three selected case studies from Poland. It has two objectives. The first is to identify the historical role of environmental drivers in the process of urban abandonment, while the second one is to contribute to the typology of environmentally related processes of urban abandonment in order to better identify future calamities. With respect to the former, the findings reveal that the relation between environmental hazards and urban abandonment is pertinent in regions with specific geographic conditions and pertains only to certain categories of urban settlements. With respect to the latter, by drawing on these findings, we propose some alterations and amendments to McLeman’s comprehensive model of settlement abandonment in the context of global environmental change.
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| 2. |
- Szmytkie, Robert, et al.
(författare)
-
Degraded towns and urban abandonment : Miasta zdegradowane a procesy opustoszania
- 2015
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Ingår i: Krzysztofik, R., & Dymitrow, M. (Eds.): Degraded and restituted towns in Poland: Origins, development, problems / Miasta zdegradowane i restytuowane w Polsce. Geneza, rozwój, problemy. - Göteborg : University of Gothenburg. - 9186472763
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- One important element in the interaction between the natural and the human environment is the negative impact of the first on the latter when seen through the prism of urban destabilization. Within this scope, the issue of urban abandonment and disappearance holds an important place, the indirect cause of which are the specifics of local and regional natural subsystems. Small towns are especially susceptible to the negative forces of the natural environment. Since most cases of urban abandonment have happened in historical times, there is a linkage between abandonment and formal degradation, but this linkage, until now, has not been systematically approached in research. The aim of this chapter, hence, is to elaborate on the impact of environmental factors on the phenomenon of urban abandonment in the context of degraded towns in Poland. We draw that in order to avert unnecessary urban degradation we must pay greater attention to the dangerous relationship between humans and the natural environment, not least by drawing lessons from the past.
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| 3. |
- Szmytkie, Robert, et al.
(författare)
-
Degraded towns and urban abandonment
- 2015
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Ingår i: Degraded and restituted towns in Poland: Origins, development, problems. - Göteborg : University of Gothenburg. - 9186472763 ; , s. 185-187
-
Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- One important element in the interaction between the natural and the human environment is the negative impact of the first on the latter when seen through the prism of urban destabilization. Within this scope, the issue of urban abandonment and disappearance holds an important place, the indirect cause of which are the specifics of local and regional natural subsystems. Small towns are especially susceptible to the negative forces of the natural environment. Since most cases of urban abandonment have happened in historical times, there is a linkage between abandonment and formal degradation, but this linkage, until now, has not been systematically approached in research. The aim of this chapter, hence, is to elaborate on the impact of environmental factors on the phenomenon of urban abandonment in the context of degraded towns in Poland. We draw that in order to avert unnecessary urban degradation we must pay greater attention to the dangerous relationship between humans and the natural environment, not least by drawing lessons from the past.
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| 4. |
- Szmytkie, Robert, et al.
(författare)
-
Miasta zdegradowane a procesy opustoszania
- 2015
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Ingår i: Degraded and restituted towns in Poland: Origins, development, problems. - Göteborg : University of Gothenburg. - 9186472763 ; , s. 189-207
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Jednym z istotniejszych elementów interakcji pomiędzy środowiskiem naturalnym, a środowiskiem antropogeograficznym jest problem destabilizacji systemów miejskich. Autorzy rozumieją tą destabilizację zarówno jako czasowo istniejące zjawiska, ale także jako przestrzenne konsekwencje ścierania się obu sfer – przyrodniczej i antropogenicznej. Interakcja ta w odniesieniu do osadnictwa, szczególnie w przeszłości, ale nie tylko odzwierciedla się między innymi procesem opustoszenia miasta. Zbadanie tego zjawiska na terytorium Polski było zasadniczym celem tego opracowania. W rozdziale tym wskazano także na relatywność miast opustoszałych względem miast zdegradowanych, wskazując, że te pierwsze stanowią specyficzny typ tych drugich. W rozdziale zaprezentowane zostały mechanizmy degradacji dawnych miast, w tym przypadku nie tylko tej prawno administracyjnej, ale także przestrzennej i społecznej. Jakkolwiek wskazane przykłady (Stara Łeba, Drohiczyn Ruska Strona, Wapno, Miedzianka) z uwagi na wielkość dawnych miast nie mają przełożenia do współczesnych zagrożeń środowiskowych, to jednak niektóre elementy negatywnych oddziaływań mogą wyjaśniać współczesne oblicza niebezpieczeństw na jakie narażone są tereny osiedleńcze.
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| 5. |
-
Degraded and restituted towns in Poland : Origins, development, problems
- 2015
-
Samlingsverk (redaktörskap) (refereegranskat)abstract
- One of the less known problems in settlement geography is the issue of so-called degraded and restituted towns. This lack of reconnaissance, however, is perhaps less the result of the towns’ scarcity than their specificity of being ‘awarded’ or ‘deprived of’ an urban label by means of strictly socio-political actions. Degraded and restituted towns, hence, are spatial units made ‘urban’ or ‘rural’ instantaneously, irrespective of their de facto state along what is widely considered a gradual path of (de)urbanization. Instead, they become compartmentalized into two constructed spatial categories that have survived the onslaught of material transformations and philosophical repositioning through different whims of time. While ‘rural’ and ‘urban’ are conceptual binaries that certainly need to be treated with caution, their cultural salience may cause tangible consequences within national administrative systems that abide by a formalized rural-urban distinction. This issue becomes particularly important for settlements that clearly transcend any imagined rural-urban divide, i.e. those, whose material and immaterial characteristics seem counterfactual to their assigned category. It is also crucial in formal practices designed to avert such counterfactualities, but whose ran-domness of approach more creates confusion than helps straighten out a historical concoction. Both processes, nonetheless, lend ‘urbanity’ and ‘rurality’ a resonance of objectivity, justifying their use as guides for a host of developmental endeavors, despite subverting a much more intricate reality. Degraded and restituted towns are direct derivatives of this. Drawing on the above-mentioned irreconcilabilities, the aim of this book is to present and scrutinize degraded and restituted towns through the example of Poland, where these towns occupy a special niche. For one, Poland, due to its chequered and variegated history, is home to a conspicuously large number of degraded (831) and restituted (236) towns; for another, Poland’s relentlessness of formalizing ‘urbanity’ as a category of statistical, political and cultural guidance has a direct bearing on the lives of the towns’ residents. Realizing the intricacy of degraded and restituted towns in the face of commonplace ru-ral-urban ideations, the editors and the 17 contributing Authors of this book have made an effort to capture the towns’ complexity with special foci on their shrouded origins, developmental specificity and incurred problems. Owing to the involvement of researchers from different scientific disciplines and subdisciplines, the undertaken project has helped elucidate the problem from multiple perspectives: spatial, social, demographic, economic, environmental, historical, architectural, cultural, legal and philosophical. Allocated into 17 chapters, not only have the presented interpretations allowed for a first interdisciplinary synthesis on the topic, but they also helped outline some prospective directions for future research. Moreover, collecting materials of such diversity into an amalgamated whole has helped identify specific discourses that enwrap the concept of “urbanity” when seen through its oscillations within formal contexts, and to which degraded and restituted towns serve as expendable game pieces. By combining knowledge arrived at through ontologically and epistemologically different approaches, the incremental contribution of this book as a whole could be summarized in two attainments: a) extending theoretical frameworks used to study degraded and restituted towns in terms of definition, conceptualization and assessing predispositions for future de-velopment on account of their spatial, legal, socio-economic and historical charac-teristics; b) initiating an anticipated discussion on a number of important and current topics re-lated to the practices of degradation and restitution that have not received adequate attention, e.g., the urbanity-vs.-rurality paradox, the changeability of human settlement forms vs. the consequences of rigid spatial categorizations; the role of various actors in shaping the socio-economic reality under the guise of an ossified binary; or identifying spatio-conceptual conflicts as future challenges for local, regional and national policy.
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| 6. |
-
Degraded and restituted towns in Poland: Origins, development, problems : Miasta zdegradowane i restytuowane w Polsce. Geneza, rozwój, problemy
- 2015
-
Samlingsverk (redaktörskap) (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- One of the less known problems in settlement geography is the issue of so-called degraded and restituted towns. This lack of reconnaissance, however, is perhaps less the result of the towns’ scarcity than their specificity of being ‘awarded’ or ‘deprived of’ an urban label by means of strictly socio-political actions. Degraded and restituted towns, hence, are spatial units made ‘urban’ or ‘rural’ instantaneously, irrespective of their de facto state along what is widely considered a gradual path of (de)urbanization. Instead, they become compartmentalized into two constructed spatial categories that have survived the onslaught of material transformations and philosophical repositioning through different whims of time. While ‘rural’ and ‘urban’ are conceptual binaries that certainly need to be treated with caution, their cultural salience may cause tangible consequences within national administrative systems that abide by a formalized rural-urban distinction. This issue becomes particularly important for settlements that clearly transcend any imagined rural-urban divide, i.e. those, whose material and immaterial characteristics seem counterfactual to their assigned category. It is also crucial in formal practices designed to avert such counterfactualities, but whose ran-domness of approach more creates confusion than helps straighten out a historical concoction. Both processes, nonetheless, lend ‘urbanity’ and ‘rurality’ a resonance of objectivity, justifying their use as guides for a host of developmental endeavors, despite subverting a much more intricate reality. Degraded and restituted towns are direct derivatives of this. Drawing on the above-mentioned irreconcilabilities, the aim of this book is to present and scrutinize degraded and restituted towns through the example of Poland, where these towns occupy a special niche. For one, Poland, due to its chequered and variegated history, is home to a conspicuously large number of degraded (831) and restituted (236) towns; for another, Poland’s relentlessness of formalizing ‘urbanity’ as a category of statistical, political and cultural guidance has a direct bearing on the lives of the towns’ residents. Realizing the intricacy of degraded and restituted towns in the face of commonplace ru-ral-urban ideations, the editors and the 17 contributing Authors of this book have made an effort to capture the towns’ complexity with special foci on their shrouded origins, developmental specificity and incurred problems. Owing to the involvement of researchers from different scientific disciplines and subdisciplines, the undertaken project has helped elucidate the problem from multiple perspectives: spatial, social, demographic, economic, environmental, historical, architectural, cultural, legal and philosophical. Allocated into 17 chapters, not only have the presented interpretations allowed for a first interdisciplinary synthesis on the topic, but they also helped outline some prospective directions for future research. Moreover, collecting materials of such diversity into an amalgamated whole has helped identify specific discourses that enwrap the concept of “urbanity” when seen through its oscillations within formal contexts, and to which degraded and restituted towns serve as expendable game pieces. By combining knowledge arrived at through ontologically and epistemologically different approaches, the incremental contribution of this book as a whole could be summarized in two attainments: a) extending theoretical frameworks used to study degraded and restituted towns in terms of definition, conceptualization and assessing predispositions for future de-velopment on account of their spatial, legal, socio-economic and historical charac-teristics; b) initiating an anticipated discussion on a number of important and current topics re-lated to the practices of degradation and restitution that have not received adequate attention, e.g., the urbanity-vs.-rurality paradox, the changeability of human settlement forms vs. the consequences of rigid spatial categorizations; the role of various actors in shaping the socio-economic reality under the guise of an ossified binary; or identifying spatio-conceptual conflicts as future challenges for local, regional and national policy.
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| 7. |
- Dymitrow, Mirek, et al.
(författare)
-
Degradacja i restytucja jako pryzmaty pojęcia miejskościw kontekście jego formalnoprawnej zmienności
- 2015
-
Ingår i: Degraded and restituted towns in Poland: Origins, development, problems. - Göteborg : University of Gothenburg. - 9186472763 ; , s. 453-461
-
Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Zrozumienie pojęcia „miejskości” w kontekście jego formalnoprawnej zmienności wymaga specyficznej perspektywy, ponieważ zmusza do wyjścia poza wygodne ramy eksplikacyjne: czym jest miasto, w jaki sposób, dla kogo i dlaczego. Zjawiska degradacji i restytucji są szczególnie ważne w przybliżeniu tej perspektywy, gdyż wyraźnie ilustrują efekty wtargnięcia kulturowego konstruktu „miasto–wieś” w sztywne struktury administracyjne. Celem tego rozdziału jest podsumowanie aktualnego stanu wiedzy w kwestii miast zdegradowanych i restytuowanych, a także podjęcie próby nakreślenia przyszłych wyzwań badawczych w zakresie trzech ważnych aspektów – genezy, rozwoju i problemów. Po pierwsze, jako że zjawisko restytucji często odwołuje się do przeszłości, a jego ścisłe powiązanie z elementami sprawiedliwości, demokracji i władzy bywa nierzadko eksploatowane dla celów drugoplanowych, badania nad genezą miast zdegradowanych pełnią niesłychanie ważną rolę. Powołując się na orwellowski aforyzm „Kto kontroluje przeszłość, kontroluje także przyszłość”, postulujemy, że wierne odtwarzanie rzeczywistości społeczno-ekonomicznej i politycznej, która towarzyszyła aktom degradacji jest niezbędne w celu lepszego zrozumienia mechanizmów warunkujących współczesne zjawisko restytucji w Polsce. Po drugie, istotę miejskości i wiejskości często wiąże się z sukcesem bądź upadkiem danej miejscowości; innymi słowy, kategorie miejskości i wiejskości nie są wolne od wartościowania. Jednak zagłębiając się w tajniki procesów urbanizacji łatwo zauważyć, że takie szufladkowanie i wartościowanie pojęć jest nie tylko niecelowe, ale w wielu przypadkach wręcz niezgodne z rzeczywistością. Jest to szczególnie ważne w badaniach nad rozwojem miast zdegradowanych i restytuowanych, przy których powinniśmy w bardziej optymalny sposób separować związki przyczynowo-skutkowe oparte na „etykietach” od tych określających rzeczywistość geograficzną, społeczną czy gospodarczą. Po trzecie, jednym z kluczowych problemów geografii osadnictwa jest bezrefleksyjna akceptacja przejścia miejscowości z kategorii miast do wsi i na odwrót jako sztywnych wyznaczników miejskości i wiejskości. Jakkolwiek jest to wygodne, warto jednak głębiej pochylić się nad problemem miast zdegradowanych i restytuowanych w aspekcie lokalnym, zwracając uwagę na rolę tych pojęć w kreowaniu lokalnej tożsamości, lokalnej polityki czy lokalnych możliwości rozwoju. Jest to szczególnie ważne wtedy, gdy nauka ma służyć potrzebom społecznym wspólnot lokalnych, których dyskurs „miasto–wieś” bezpośrednio dotyczy.
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| 8. |
- Dymitrow, Mirek, et al.
(författare)
-
Degradation and restitution : Understanding the concept of urbanity through its oscillations within formal contexts
- 2015
-
Ingår i: Degraded and restituted towns in Poland: Origins, development, problems. - Göteborg : University of Gothenburg. - 9186472763 ; , s. 443-451
-
Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this concluding chapter, our aim is to outline the state-of-the-art within the deliberated topic in order to identify challenges for future research. Firstly, reminiscent of George Orwell’s aphorism “who controls the past controls the future”, we stress the importance of research into the origins of degraded and restituted towns in order to understand the socio-economic context that has shaped their current situation. It is important to separate myth from accounts based on first-hand archival documentation and compelling historiographical deduction. This is particularly true of narratives embracing issues of justice, democracy and power, as often is the case with the rural-urban discourse in Poland. Secondly, the concepts of urbanity and rurality are often accompanied by stories of demise and success; in other words, they are not value-free. As of now, there is still a dearth of studies that would look into how degradation and restitution actually affect socio-economic change and steer development into certain – desired or undesired – outcomes. In order to avoid creating artificial problems, we need to better isolate the linkage between development and the spatial label it purportedly embodies. Thirdly, linear accounts of social phenomena may be convenient but seldom provide an appropriate abstraction. We must not unreflectively accept the transition “from urban to rural” and “from rural to urban” as propitious just because it has been sanctioned by a governmental decree. More in-depth empirical studies on the problems both degradation and restitution may incur are needed, particularly case-based research dedicated to the perceptions of those closest to the effects of cultural convictions and normative perspectives brought on by the rural-urban distinction. In conclusion, degradation and restitution are not one-dimensional concepts. As the plurality of topics undertaken in this book shows, the concepts can be handled in a multitude of ways. As each comes with its own variety of ontological commitments, theoretical perspectives and methodological approaches, the results differ. But they all have one thing in common: they contribute to a deeper understanding of the often taken-for-granted concept of urbanity. Urbanity is complex, transient and indefinable and therefore increasingly elusive. In that light, understanding urbanity as it emerges, evolves, consolidates, ruptures and finally reconstitutes itself through the practices of degradation and restitution makes an invaluable asset to multifaceted production of knowledge on various social processes and their inseparable geographical contexts.
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| 9. |
- Dymitrow, Mirek, et al.
(författare)
-
Degradation and restitution: Understanding the concept of urbanity through its oscillations within formal contexts : Degradacja i restytucja jako pryzmaty pojęcia miejskości w kontekście jego formalnoprawnej zmienności
- 2015
-
Ingår i: Krzysztofik, R., & Dymitrow, M. (Eds.): Degraded and restituted towns in Poland: Origins, development, problems / Miasta zdegradowane i restytuowane w Polsce. Geneza, rozwój, problemy. - Göteborg : University of Gothenburg. - 9186472763
-
Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this concluding chapter, our aim is to outline the state-of-the-art within the deliberated topic in order to identify challenges for future research. Firstly, reminiscent of George Orwell’s aphorism “who controls the past controls the future”, we stress the importance of research into the origins of degraded and restituted towns in order to understand the socio-economic context that has shaped their current situation. It is important to separate myth from accounts based on first-hand archival documentation and compelling historiographical deduction. This is particularly true of narratives embracing issues of justice, democracy and power, as often is the case with the rural-urban discourse in Poland. Secondly, the concepts of urbanity and rurality are often accompanied by stories of demise and success; in other words, they are not value-free. As of now, there is still a dearth of studies that would look into how degradation and restitution actually affect socio-economic change and steer development into certain – desired or undesired – outcomes. In order to avoid creating artificial problems, we need to better isolate the linkage between development and the spatial label it purportedly embodies. Thirdly, linear accounts of social phenomena may be convenient but seldom provide an appropriate abstraction. We must not unreflectively accept the transition “from urban to rural” and “from rural to urban” as propitious just because it has been sanctioned by a governmental decree. More in-depth empirical studies on the problems both degradation and restitution may incur are needed, particularly case-based research dedicated to the perceptions of those closest to the effects of cultural convictions and normative perspectives brought on by the rural-urban distinction. In conclusion, degradation and restitution are not one-dimensional concepts. As the plurality of topics undertaken in this book shows, the concepts can be handled in a multitude of ways. As each comes with its own variety of ontological commitments, theoretical perspectives and methodological approaches, the results differ. But they all have one thing in common: they contribute to a deeper understanding of the often taken-for-granted concept of urbanity. Urbanity is complex, transient and indefinable and therefore increasingly elusive. In that light, understanding urbanity as it emerges, evolves, consolidates, ruptures and finally reconstitutes itself through the practices of degradation and restitution makes an invaluable asset to multifaceted production of knowledge on various social processes and their inseparable geographical contexts.
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| 10. |
- Krzysztofik, Robert, et al.
(författare)
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Koncepcja hibernacji miast : Notatka naukowa
- 2015
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Ingår i: Degraded and restituted towns in Poland: Origins, development, problems. - Göteborg : University of Gothenburg. - 9186472763 ; , s. 351-353
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- W niniejszym streszczeniu Autorzy anonsują jedynie koncepcje hibernacji miast, którą w pełnej wersji zaprezentowali we wrześniu 2015 r. na łamach European Planning Studies (Routledge). Decyzja o prezentacji tej notki wynikała z faktu, iż koncepcja hibernacji miast dotyczy de facto hibernacji miast małych, a takie kategorie miast jak miasta zdegradowane i restytuowane stanowią istotny fragment wyjaśnień omawianego procesu. Koncepcja hibernacji miast jest pierwszą, w której teoretycznie wyjaśniono istotę powstawania i przeobrażeń małych miast kategoryzowanych m.in. jako miasta zdegradowane i restytuowane. Koncepcja została oparta na złożonym modelu wyjaśnień ujmujących tło genetyczne, funkcjonalistyczne, dynamiczne i społeczno-ekonomiczne.
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