| 1. |
- Andersson, Anneli, 1992-, et al.
(författare)
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Genetic overlap between ADHD and externalizing, internalizing and neurodevelopmental disorder symptoms : a systematic review and meta-analysis
- 2018
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Ingår i: Behavior Genetics. - : Springer. - 0001-8244 .- 1573-3297. ; 48:6, s. 455-456
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder (Wilens, Biederman & Spencer 2002) and affects approximately 5% of children (Polanczyk, de Lima, Horta, Biederman & Rohde 2007). About half of those diagnosed in childhood continue to have the diagnosis and symptoms in adulthood (Kessler et al. 2006). The co-occurrence of ADHD with other psychiatric disorder symptoms (Burt et al. 2001; Cole et al. 2009; Polderman et al. 2014) has been suggested to be partly explained by a shared genetic vulnerability (Polderman et al. 2014). However, the strength of the genetic overlap is currently unclear. Also, no study has examined whether the genetic correlations differs between age groups (childhood versus adulthood), by rater (self-report, other informant, combined (parent-teacher, parent-twin, teacher-twin)), or by type of psychiatric disorder symptoms (externalizing, internalizing, neu-rodevelopmental). To address this gap, we conducted a systematic literature search to identify relevant twin studies, in PubMed, PsycINFO, and EMBASE. A total of 31 articles were identified and included in the present study. The pooled estimates showed that the comorbidity between ADHD and diverse psychiatric disorder symptoms were explained by shared genetic effectsrg= 0.50 (0.43–0.56). A similar shared genetic overlap between ADHD and psychiatric disorder symptoms was observed in both childhood rg= 0.51(0.42–0.61) and adulthood rg= 0.47 (0.40–0.53). Similar results werealso found for self-reports rg= 0.49 (0.42–0.55), other informants rg= 0.50 (0.40–0.60), and combined raters rg= 0.51 (0.30–0.69). Further, the strength of the genetic correlations of ADHD with the externalizing rg= 0.49 (0.39–0.59), internalizing rg= 0.55 (0.40–0.68) and neurodevelopmental rg= 0.47 (0.40–0.53) spectrums were similar in magnitude. These findings emphasize the presence of a shared genetic liability between ADHD and externalizing, internalizing and neurodevelopmental disorder symptoms, independent of age and rater.ReferencesBurt, S. A., Krueger, R. F., McGue, M., Iacono, W. G. (2001).Sources of covariation among attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder,oppositional defiant disorder, and conduct disorder: the importance ofshared environment.Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 4, 516–525.Cole, J., Ball, H. A., Martin, N. C., Scourfield, J., McGuffin, P.(2009). Genetic overlap between measures of hyperactivity/inatten-tion and mood in children and adolescents.J Am Acad Child AdolescPsychiatry48, 1094–1101.Kessler, R. C., Adler, L., Barkley, R., Biederman, J., Conners, C.K., Demler, O., Faraone, S. V., Greenhill, L. L., Howes, M. J., Secnik,K., Spencer, T., Ustun, T. B., Walters, E. E., Zaslavsky, A. M. (2006).The prevalence and correlates of adult ADHD in the United States:results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication.Am JPsychiatry, 163, 716–723.Polanczyk, G., de Lima, M. S., Horta, B. L., Biederman, J., Rohde,L. A. (2007). The worldwide prevalence of ADHD: a systematicreview and metaregression analysis.Am J Psychiatry, 164, 942-8.Polderman, T. J., Hoekstra, R. A., Posthuma, D., Larsson, H.(2014). The co-occurrence of autistic and ADHD dimensions inadults: an etiological study in 17,770 twins.Transl Psychiatry2014;4: e435.Wilens, T. E., Biederman, J., Spencer, T. J. (2002). Attentiondeficit/hyperactivity disorder across the lifespan.Annual Review Med53:113–131.
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| 2. |
- Andersson, Anneli, 1992-, et al.
(författare)
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Research Review : The strength of the genetic overlap between ADHD and other psychiatric symptoms - a systematic review and meta-analysis
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. - : Blackwell Publishing. - 0021-9630 .- 1469-7610. ; 61:11, s. 1173-1183
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) frequently co-occurs with other psychiatric disorders. Twin studies have established that these co-occurrences are in part due to shared genetic risks. However, the strength of these genetic overlaps and the potential heterogeneity accounted for by type of psychiatric symptoms, age, and methods of assessment remain unclear. We conducted a systematic review to fill this gap.Methods: We searched PubMed, PsycINFO, Embase, and Web of Science until March 07, 2019. Genetic correlations (r(g)) were used as effect size measures.Results: A total of 31 independent studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The pooled estimates showed that the associations between ADHD and other psychiatric symptoms were partly explained by shared genetic factors, with a pooled genetic correlation of 0.50, 95% confidence interval: 0.46-0.60. The genetic correlations (r(g)) between ADHD and externalizing (r(g) = .49 [0.37-0.61]), internalizing (r(g) = .50 [0.39-0.69]), and neurodevelopmental (r(g) = .56 [0.47-0.66]) symptoms were similar in magnitude. The genetic correlations in childhood and adulthood werer(g) = .53 (0.43-0.63) andr(g) = .51 (0.44-0.56), respectively. For methods of assessment, the genetic correlations were also similar in strength, self-reportsr(g) = .52 (0.47-0.58), other informantsr(g) = .55 (0.41-0.69), and combined ratersr(g) = .50 (0.33-0.65).Conclusions: These findings indicate that the co-occurrence of externalizing, internalizing, and neurodevelopmental disorder symptoms in individuals with ADHD symptoms in part is due to a shared genetic risk.
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| 3. |
- Bai, Ge, et al.
(författare)
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Frailty and the risk of dementia : is the association explained by shared environmental and genetic factors?
- 2021
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Ingår i: BMC Medicine. - : BioMed Central. - 1741-7015. ; 19:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background Frailty has been identified as a risk factor for cognitive impairment and dementia. However, it is not known whether familial factors, such as genetics and shared environmental factors, underlie this association. We analyzed the association between frailty and the risk of dementia in a large twin cohort and examined the role of familial factors in the association. Methods The Rockwood frailty index (FI) based on 44 health deficits was used to assess frailty. The population-level association between FI and the risk of all-cause dementia was analyzed in 41,550 participants of the Screening Across the Lifespan Twin (SALT) study (full sample, aged 41-97 years at baseline), using Cox and competing risk models. A subsample of 10,487 SALT participants aged 65 and older who received a cognitive assessment (cognitive sample) was used in a sensitivity analysis to assess the effect of baseline cognitive level on the FI-dementia association. To analyze the influence of familial effects on the FI-dementia association, a within-pair analysis was performed. The within-pair model was also used to assess whether the risk conferred by frailty varies by age at FI assessment. Results A total of 3183 individuals were diagnosed with dementia during the 19-year follow-up. A 10% increase in FI was associated with an increased risk of dementia (hazard ratio [HR] 1.17 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.07, 1.18)) in the full sample adjusted for age, sex, education, and tobacco use. A significant association was likewise found in the cognitive sample, with an HR of 1.13 (95% CI 1.09, 1.20), adjusted for age, sex, and cognitive level at baseline. The associations were not attenuated when adjusted for APOE e4 carrier status or considering the competing risk of death. After adjusting for familial effects, we found no evidence for statistically significant attenuation of the effect. The risk conferred by higher FI on dementia was constant after age 50 until very old age. Conclusions A higher level of frailty predicts the risk of dementia and the association appears independent of familial factors. Targeting frailty might thus contribute to preventing or delaying dementia.
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| 4. |
- Beckley, Amber L., et al.
(författare)
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Association of height and violent criminality : results from a Swedish total population study
- 2014
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Ingår i: International Journal of Epidemiology. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0300-5771 .- 1464-3685. ; 43:3, s. 835-842
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Violent criminality is at least moderately heritable, but the mechanisms behind this remain largely unexplained. Height, a highly heritable trait, may be involved but no study has estimated the effect of height on crime while simultaneously accounting for important demographic, biological and other heritable confounders. Methods: We linked nationwide, longitudinal registers for 760 000 men who underwent mandatory military conscription from 1980 through 1992 in Sweden, to assess the association between height and being convicted of a violent crime. We used Cox proportional hazard modelling and controlled for three types of potential confounders: physical characteristics, childhood demographics and general cognitive ability (intelligence). Results: In unadjusted analyses, height had a moderate negative relationship to violent crime; the shortest of men were twice as likely to be convicted of a violent crime as the tallest. However, when simultaneously controlling for all measured confounders, height was weakly and positively related to violent crime. Intelligence had the individually strongest mitigating effect on the height-crime relationship. Conclusions: Although shorter stature was associated with increased risk of violent offending, our analyses strongly suggested that this relationship was explained by intelligence and other confounding factors. Hence, it is unlikely that height, a highly heritable physical characteristic, accounts for much of the unexplained heritability of violent criminality.
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| 5. |
- Berg, Venla, et al.
(författare)
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Parental alcohol and drug abuse and offspring mortality by age 10 : a population-based register study
- 2022
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Ingår i: European Journal of Public Health. - : Oxford University Press. - 1101-1262 .- 1464-360X. ; 32:6, s. 933-938
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Parental substance abuse (SA) of alcohol and drugs is associated with offspring mortality, including sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), in infancy, but research on cause-specific mortality and mortality in later childhood is scarce.METHODS: Using population-based register data on all births in Sweden in 1973-2013 (N = 4.2 million) and Cox regressions, we examined the associations of mother's and father's SA registered between 2 years before and 12 years after the child birth with offspring all-cause and cause-specific mortality in infancy and childhood.RESULTS: Parental SA was associated with increased offspring all-cause and natural-cause mortality in infancy, but not in the neonatal period, and with external-cause mortality in ages 1-9. Risk of SIDS was 130-280% higher in infants with parental SA compared to infants with no parental SA. Adjusting for parental socioeconomic and immigrant status and severe psychiatric disorders, paternal SA was associated with 66% higher mortality due to communicable diseases and infections in infancy, and both maternal and paternal SA were associated with 40-174% higher mortality due to accidents in infancy and in ages 1-9. The associations between parental SA and offspring mortality were similar for male and female offspring.CONCLUSIONS: Child mortality is rare in contemporary Sweden, and parental SA has variable associations with elevated offspring mortality throughout the first 10 years of life, excluding the neonatal period, which is indicative of insufficient recognition of children at risk. Preventive measures should be long-term and targeted to both parental and offspring behaviour.
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| 6. |
- Bolhuis, Koen, et al.
(författare)
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Risk of Psychosis Among Individuals Who Have Presented to Hospital With Self-harm : A Prospective Nationwide Register Study in Sweden
- 2024
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Ingår i: Schizophrenia Bulletin. - : Oxford University Press. - 0586-7614 .- 1745-1701.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND AND HYPOTHESIS: Recent research showed that young people who presented to hospital with self-harm in Finland had a significantly elevated risk of later psychosis. We investigated the prospective relationship between hospital presentation for self-harm and risk of psychosis in an unprecedentedly large national Swedish cohort.STUDY DESIGN: We used inpatient and outpatient healthcare registers to identify all individuals born between 1981 and 1993 who were alive and living in Sweden on their 12th birthday and who presented to hospital one or more times with self-harm. We compared them with a matched cohort, followed up for up to 20 years, and compared the cumulative incidence of psychotic disorders. Furthermore, we examined whether the strength of the relationship between hospital presentation for self-harm and later psychosis changed over time by examining for cohort effects.STUDY RESULTS: In total, 28 908 (2.0%) individuals presented to hospital with self-harm without prior psychosis diagnosis during the follow-up. For individuals who presented to hospital with self-harm, the cumulative incidence of diagnosed psychosis was 20.7% at 20 years follow-up (hazard radio = 13.9, 95% CI 13.3-14.6, P-value <5 × 10-308). There was no evidence of a dilution of the effect over time: while the incidence of hospital self-harm presentation increased, this did not result in an attenuation over time of the strength of the relationship between hospital self-harm presentation and subsequent psychosis.CONCLUSIONS: Individuals who present to hospital with self-harm in their teens and 20s represent an important risk group for psychosis prediction and prevention.
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| 7. |
- Brander, Gustaf, et al.
(författare)
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A population-based family clustering study of tic-related obsessive-compulsive disorder
- 2021
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Ingår i: Molecular Psychiatry. - : Nature Publishing Group. - 1359-4184 .- 1476-5578. ; 26:4, s. 1224-1233
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the latest edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) included a new "tic-related" specifier. However, strong evidence supporting tic-related OCD as a distinct subtype of OCD is lacking. This study investigated whether, at the population level, tic-related OCD has a stronger familial load than non-tic-related OCD. From a cohort of individuals born in Sweden between 1967 and 2007 (n = 4,085,367; 1257 with tic-related OCD and 20,975 with non-tic-related OCD), we identified all twins, full siblings, maternal and paternal half siblings, and cousins. Sex- and birth year-adjusted hazard ratios (aHR) were calculated to estimate the risk of OCD in relatives of individuals with OCD with and without comorbid tics, compared with relatives of unaffected individuals. We found that OCD is a familial disorder, regardless of comorbid tic disorder status. However, the risk of OCD in relatives of individuals with tic-related OCD was considerably greater than the risk of OCD in relatives of individuals with non-tic-related OCD (e.g., risk for full siblings: aHR = 10.63 [95% CI, 7.92-14.27] and aHR = 4.52 [95% CI, 4.06-5.02], respectively; p value for the difference < 0.0001). These differences remained when the groups were matched by age at first OCD diagnosis and after various sensitivity analyses. The observed familial patterns of OCD in relation to tics were not seen in relation to other neuropsychiatric comorbidities. Tic-related OCD is a particularly familial subtype of OCD. The results have important implications for ongoing gene-searching efforts.
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| 8. |
- Brander, Gustaf, et al.
(författare)
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Association of Perinatal Risk Factors With Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder : A Population-Based Birth Cohort, Sibling Control Study
- 2016
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Ingår i: JAMA psychiatry. - Chicago, USA : American Medical Association. - 2168-6238 .- 2168-622X. ; 73:11, s. 1135-1144
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Importance: Perinatal complications may increase the risk of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Previous reports were based on small, retrospective, specialist clinic-based studies that were unable to rigorously control for unmeasured environmental and genetic confounding.Objective: To prospectively investigate a wide range of potential perinatal risk factors for OCD, controlling for unmeasured factors shared between siblings in the analyses.Design, Setting, and Participants: This population-based birth cohort study included all 2 421 284 children from singleton births in Sweden from January 1, 1973, to December 31, 1996, who were followed up through December 31, 2013. From the 1 403 651 families in the cohort, differentially exposed siblings from the 743 885 families with siblings were evaluated; of these, 11 592 families included clusters of full siblings that were discordant for OCD. Analysis of the data was conducted from January, 26, 2015, to September, 5, 2016.Exposures: Perinatal data were collected from the Swedish Medical Birth Register and included maternal smoking during pregnancy, labor presentation, obstetric delivery, gestational age (for preterm birth), birth weight, birth weight in relation to gestational age, 5-minute Apgar score, and head circumference.Main Outcomes and Measures: Previously validated OCD codes (International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Health Related Problems, Tenth Revision, code F42) in the Swedish National Patient Register.Results: Of 2 421 284 individuals included in the cohort, 17 305 persons were diagnosed with OCD. Of these, 7111 were men (41.1%). The mean (SD) age of individuals at first diagnosis of OCD was 23.4 (6.5) years. An increased risk for OCD remained after controlling for shared familial confounders and measured covariates (including sex, year of birth, maternal and paternal age at birth, and parity), for smoking 10 or more cigarettes per day during pregnancy (hazard ratio [HR], 1.27; 95% CI, 1.02-1.58), breech presentation (HR, 1.35; 95% CI, 1.06-1.71), delivery by cesarean section (HR, 1.17; 95% CI, 1.01-1.34), preterm birth (HR, 1.24; 95% CI, 1.07-1.43), birth weight 1501 to 2500 g (HR, 1.30; 95% CI, 1.05-1.62) and 2501 to 3500 g (HR, 1.08; 95% CI, 1.01-1.16), being large for gestational age (HR, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.05-1.45), and Apgar distress scores at 5 minutes (HR, 1.50; 95% CI, 1.07-2.09). Gestational age and birth weight followed inverse dose-response associations, whereby an increasingly higher risk for OCD was noted in children with a shorter gestational age and lower birth weight. We also observed a dose-response association between the number of perinatal events and increased OCD risk, with HRs ranging from 1.11 (95% CI, 1.07-1.15) for 1 event to 1.51 (95% CI, 1.18-1.94) for 5 or more events.Conclusions and Relevance: A range of perinatal risk factors is associated with a higher risk for OCD independent of shared familial confounders, suggesting that perinatal risk factors may be in the causal pathway to OCD.
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| 9. |
- Brander, Gustaf, et al.
(författare)
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Association of Tourette Syndrome and Chronic Tic Disorder With Metabolic and Cardiovascular Disorders
- 2019
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Ingår i: JAMA Neurology. - : American Medical Association. - 2168-6149 .- 2168-6157. ; 76:4, s. 454-461
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Importance: There are limited data concerning the risk of metabolic and cardiovascular disorders among individuals with Tourette syndrome (TS) or chronic tic disorder (CTD).Objective: To investigate the risk of metabolic and cardiovascular disorders among individuals with TS or CTD over a period of 40 years.Design, Settings, and Participants: This longitudinal population-based cohort study included all individuals living in Sweden between January 1, 1973, and December 31, 2013. Families with clusters of full siblings discordant for TS or CTD were further identified. Data analyses were conducted from August 1, 2017, to October 11, 2018.Exposures: Previously validated International Classification of Diseases diagnoses of TS or CTD in the Swedish National Patient Register.Main Outcomes and Measures: Registered diagnoses of obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases (including ischemic heart diseases, arrhythmia, cerebrovascular diseases and transient ischemic attack, and arteriosclerosis).Results: Of the 14 045 026 individuals in the cohort, 7804 individuals (5964 males [76.4%]; median age at first diagnosis, 13.3 years [interquartile range, 9.9-21.3 years]) had a registered diagnosis of TS or CTD in specialist care. Of 2 675 482 families with at least 2 singleton full siblings, 5141 families included siblings who were discordant for these disorders. Individuals with TS or CTD had a higher risk of any metabolic or cardiovascular disorders compared with the general population (hazard ratio adjusted by sex and birth year [aHR], 1.99; 95% CI, 1.90-2.09) and sibling controls (aHR for any disorder, 1.37; 95% CI, 1.24-1.51). Specifically, individuals with TS or CTD had higher risks for obesity (aHR, 2.76; 95% CI, 2.47-3.09), type 2 diabetes (aHR, 1.67; 95% CI, 1.42-1.96), and circulatory system diseases (aHR, 1.76; 95% CI, 1.67-1.86). The risk of any cardiometabolic disorder was significantly greater in males than in females (aHR, 2.13; 95% CI, 2.01-2.26 vs aHR, 1.79; 95% CI, 1.64-1.96), as was the risk of obesity (aHR, 3.24; 95% CI, 2.83-3.70 vs aHR, 1.97; 95% CI, 1.59-2.44). The risks were already evident from childhood (the groups were significantly different by age 8 years) and were significantly reduced with the exclusion of individuals with comorbid attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (aHR, 1.52; 95% CI, 1.42-1.62), while excluding other comorbidities did not significantly affect the results. Compared with patients with TS or CTD who were not taking antipsychotics, patients with a longer duration of antipsychotic treatment (>1 year) had significantly lower risks of metabolic and cardiovascular disorders.Conclusions and Relevance: The findings of this study suggest that TS and CTD are associated with a substantial risk of metabolic and cardiovascular disorders. The results highlight the importance of carefully monitoring cardiometabolic health in patients with TS or CTD across the lifespan, particularly in those with comorbid attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
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