| 1. |
- Berndt, Carsten, et al.
(författare)
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Ascorbate and endocytosed Motexafin gadolinium induce lysosomal rupture.
- 2011
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Ingår i: Cancer Letters. - : Elsevier BV. - 0304-3835 .- 1872-7980. ; 307:2, s. 119-23
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Motexafin gadolinium (MGd) sensitizes malignant cells to ionizing radiation, although the underlying mechanisms for uptake and sensitization are both unclear. Here we show that MGd is endocytosed by the clathrin-dependent pathway with ensuing lysosomal membrane permeabilization, most likely via formation of reactive oxygen species involving redox-active metabolites, such as ascorbate. We propose that subsequent apoptosis is a synergistic effect of irradiation and high MGd concentrations in malignant cells due to their pronounced endocytic activity. The results provide novel insights into the mode of action of this promising anti-cancer drug, which is currently under clinical trials.
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| 2. |
- Berndt, Carsten, et al.
(författare)
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Chelation of lysosomal iron protects against ionizing radiation.
- 2010
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Ingår i: Biochemical Journal. - 0264-6021 .- 1470-8728. ; 432:2, s. 295-301
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Ionizing radiation causes DNA damage and consequent apoptosis, mainly due to the production of hydroxyl radicals (HO•) that follows radiolytic splitting of water. However, superoxide (O2•-) and H2O2 also form and induce oxidative stress with resulting LMP (lysosomal membrane permeabilization) arising from iron-catalysed oxidative events. The latter will contribute significantly to radiation-induced cell death and its degree largely depends on the quantities of lysosomal redox-active iron present as a consequence of autophagy and endocytosis of iron-rich compounds. Therefore radiation sensitivity might be depressed by lysosome-targeted iron chelators. In the present study, we have shown that cells in culture are significantly protected from ionizing radiation damage if initially exposed to the lipophilic iron chelator SIH (salicylaldehyde isonicotinoyl hydrazone), and that this effect is based on SIH-dependent lysosomal stabilization against oxidative stress. According to its dose-response-modifying effect, SIH is a most powerful radioprotector and a promising candidate for clinical application, mainly to reduce the radiation sensitivity of normal tissue. We propose, as an example, that inhalation of SIH before each irradiation session by patients undergoing treatment for lung malignancies would protect normally aerated lung tissue against life-threatening pulmonary fibrosis, whereas the sensitivity of malignant lung tumours, which usually are non-aerated, will not be affected by inhaled SIH.
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| 3. |
- Karlsson, Jan Olof G, et al.
(författare)
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Superior Therapeutic Index of Calmangafodipir in Comparison to Mangafodipir as a Chemotherapy Adjunct
- 2012
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Ingår i: TRANSLATIONAL ONCOLOGY. - : NEOPLASIA PRESS, 1150 W MEDICAL CENTER DR, MSRB III, RM 9303, ANN ARBOR, MI 48109-0648 USA. - 1944-7124 .- 1936-5233. ; 5:6, s. 492-502
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Mangafodipir is a magnetic resonance imaging contrast agent with manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) mimetic activity. The MnSOD mimetic activity protects healthy cells against oxidative stress-induced detrimental effects, e. g., myelosuppressive effects of chemotherapy drugs. The contrast property depends on in vivo dissociation of Mn2+ from mangafodipir-about 80% dissociates after injection. The SOD mimetic activity, however, depends on the intact Mn complex. Complexed Mn2+ is readily excreted in the urine, whereas dissociated Mn2+ is excreted slowly via the biliary route. Mn is an essential but also a potentially neurotoxic metal. For more frequent therapeutic use, neurotoxicity due to Mn accumulation in the brain may represent a serious problem. Replacement of 4/5 of Mn2+ in mangafodipir with Ca2+ (resulting in calmangafodipir) stabilizes it from releasing Mn2+ after administration, which roughly doubles renal excretion of Mn. A considerable part of Mn2+ release from mangafodipir is governed by the presence of a limited amount of plasma zinc (Zn2+). Zn2+ has roughly 10(3) and 10(9) times higher affinity than Mn2+ and Ca2+, respectively, for fodipir. Replacement of 80% of Mn2+ with Ca2+ is enough for binding a considerable amount of the readily available plasma Zn2+, resulting in considerably less Mn2+ release and retention in the brain and other organs. At equivalent Mn2+ doses, calmangafodipir was significantly more efficacious than mangafodipir to protect BALB/c mice against myelosuppressive effects of the chemotherapy drug oxaliplatin. Calmangafodipir did not interfere negatively with the antitumor activity of oxaliplatin in CT26 tumor-bearing syngenic BALB/c mice, contrary calmangafodipir increased the antitumor activity. Translational Oncology (2012) 5, 492-502
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| 4. |
- Karlsson, Markus, et al.
(författare)
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Autophagy of iron-binding proteins may contribute to the oxidative stress resistance of ARPE-19 cells
- 2013
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Ingår i: Experimental Eye Research. - : Elsevier. - 0014-4835 .- 1096-0007. ; 116, s. 359-365
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The objective of this study was to elucidate possible reasons for the remarkable resistance of human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells to oxidative stress. Much oxidative damage is due to hydrogen peroxide meeting redox-active iron in the acidic and reducing lysosomal environment, resulting in the production of toxic hydroxyl radicals that may oxidize intralysosomal content, leading to lipofuscin (LF) formation or, if more extensive, to permeabilization of lysosomal membranes. Formation of LF is a risk factor for age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and known to jeopardize normal autophagic rejuvenation of vital cellular biomolecules. Lysosomal membrane permeabilization causes release of lysosomal content (redox-active iron, lytic enzymes), which may then cause cell death. Total cellular and lysosomal low-mass iron of cultured, immortalized human RPE (ARPE-19) cells was compared to that of another professional scavenger cell line, J774, using atomic absorption spectroscopy and the cytochemical sulfide-silver method (SSM). It was found that both cell lines contained comparable levels of total as well as intralysosomal iron, suggesting that the latter is mainly kept in a non-redox-active state in ARPE-19 cells. Basal levels and capacity for upregulation of the iron-binding proteins ferritin, metallothionein and heat shock protein 70 were tested in both cell lines using immunoblotting. Compared to J774 cells, ARPE-19 cells were found to contain very high basal levels of all these proteins, which could be even further upregulated following appropriate stimulation. These findings suggest that a high basal expression of iron-binding stress proteins, which during their normal autophagic turnover in lysosomes may temporarily bind iron prior to their degradation, could contribute to the unusual oxidative stress-resistance of ARPE-19 cells. A high steady state influx of such proteins into lysosomes would keep the level of lysosomal redox-active iron permanently low. This, in turn, should delay intralysosomal accumulation of LF in RPE cells, which is known to reduce autophagic turnover as well as uptake and degradation of worn out photoreceptor tips. This may explain why severe LF accumulation and AMD normally do not develop until fairly late in life, in spite of RPE cells being continuously exposed to high levels of oxygen and light, as well as large amounts of lipid-rich material.
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| 5. |
- Karlsson, Markus
(författare)
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Oxidative stress-related damage of retinal pigment epithelial cells : possible protective properties of autophagocytosed iron-binding proteins
- 2014
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Oxidative stress is a major pathogenic factor in the development of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), which is the most common cause of severe central visual impairment in the elderly population in the western world.It is believed that the degenerative process starts in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). The post-mitotic RPE is a single layer of pigmented cells located behind the photoreceptors – rods and cones – of the retina. Daily, the RPE cells phagocytose and recycle the expended tips of the photoreceptor outer segments. This heavy phagocytic burden leads to substantial oxidative stress in the cells, which is further enhanced by intense illumination and a high oxygen tension. A hallmark of early AMD is a progressive build-up of the non-degradable age pigment lipofuscin (LF) in lysosomes of the RPE. LF accumulation hampers phagocytosis and autophagy in the RPE, resulting in increased amounts of cellular debris in and around the cells. This decreases the function and viability of both RPE cells and photoreceptors.Iron is known to accumulate in the retina with increasing age, particularly in AMDaffected eyes, and amplifies oxidative stress by acting as a potent catalyst in the generation of hydroxyl radicals. These highly reactive radicals contribute to LF formation and may, if abundantly present, also directly damage lysosomal membranes. The subsequent leakage of degrading enzymes to the cytosol initiates cell death via apoptosis or necrosis.In this thesis, we have investigated the oxidative stress response of human RPE (ARPE-19) cells compared to murine J774 cells, another type of lysosome-rich cells with a high phagocytic capacity. The ARPE-19 cells were found to be extremely resistant to oxidative stress and tolerated exposure to single doses of H2O2 in concentrations up to 150 times higher than the J774 cells before lysosomal rupture and ensuing cell death occurred. This resistance was increased even further when the cells were protected with a potent iron chelator that prevents redox-active iron to participate in hydroxyl radical generation. Both cell lines were shown to be equally effective in degrading H2O2 and seem to contain comparable amounts of total as well as intralysosomal iron. Therefore, we reasoned that the insensitivity of ARPE-19 cells to H2O2 exposure might be related to a mechanism which keeps their intralysosomal iron bound in a non redox-active form. This theory was supported by our finding of very high basal expression levels of metallothionein (MT), heat shock-protein 70 (HSP70) and ferritin (FT) in ARPE-19 cells compared to J774 cells. All of these proteins have previously been shown to possess potent iron-binding properties. The ARPE-19 cells were also shown to have a higher basal rate of autophagy. SiRNA-mediated attenuation of MT, HSP70 and FT levels in the ARPE-19 cells resulted, to some degree, in an increased sensitivity to H2O2 treatment. Furthermore, a human cell stress array showed several other stress-related proteins to be up-regulated in ARPE-19 cells.Additionally, we evaluated the commonly used, but frequently misinterpreted, H2DCF test for oxidative stress. It was demonstrated that oxidation of H2DCF into fluorescent DCF mainly reflects relocation to the cytosol of lysosomal iron and mitochondrial cytochrome c, rather than being the result of some poorly defined “general” oxidative stress.In conclusion, our results indicate that the extreme resistance to oxidative stress exhibited by the ARPE-19 cells might be related to a high continuous autophagic influx of iron-binding proteins into the lysosomal compartment. Before being degraded, such proteins will temporarily keep intralysosomal iron bound in a non redox-active form, thereby inhibiting hydroxyl radical formation. This may partly explain why RPE cells, in spite of their exposed location and heavy burden of phagocytosis, usually manage to survive and evade significant LF accumulation until late in life.
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| 6. |
- Karlsson, Markus, et al.
(författare)
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What does the commonly used DCF test for oxidative stress really show?
- 2010
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Ingår i: Biochemical Journal. - 0264-6021 .- 1470-8728. ; 428:2, s. 183-90
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- H(2)DCF-DA (dihydrodichlorofluorescein diacetate) is widely used to evaluate 'cellular oxidative stress'. After passing through the plasma membrane, this lipophilic and non-fluorescent compound is de-esterified to a hydrophilic alcohol [H(2)DCF (dihydrodichlorofluorescein)] that may be oxidized to fluorescent DCF (2',7'-dichlorofluorescein) by a process usually considered to involve ROS (reactive oxygen species). It is, however, not always recognized that, being a hydrophilic molecule, H(2)DCF does not cross membranes, except for the outer fenestrated mitochondrial ones. It is also not generally realized that oxidation of H(2)DCF is dependent either on Fenton-type reactions or on unspecific enzymatic oxidation by cytochrome c, for neither superoxide, nor H(2)O(2), directly oxidizes H(2)DCF. Consequently, oxidation of H(2)DCF requires the presence of either cytochrome c or of both redox-active transition metals and H(2)O(2). Redox-active metals exist mainly within lysosomes, whereas cytochrome c resides bound to the outer side of the inner mitochondrial membrane. Following exposure to H(2)DCF-DA, weak mitochondrial fluorescence was found in both the oxidation-resistant ARPE-19 cells and the much more sensitive J774 cells. This fluorescence was only marginally enhanced following short exposure to H(2)O(2), showing that by itself it is unable to oxidize H(2)DCF. Cells that were either exposed to the lysosomotropic detergent MSDH (O-methylserine dodecylamide hydrochloride), exposed to prolonged oxidative stress, or spontaneously apoptotic showed lysosomal permeabilization and strong DCF-induced fluorescence. The results suggest that DCF-dependent fluorescence largely reflects relocation to the cytosol of lysosomal iron and/or mitochondrial cytochrome c.
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| 7. |
- Klionsky, Daniel J., et al.
(författare)
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Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy
- 2012
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Ingår i: Autophagy. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1554-8635 .- 1554-8627. ; 8:4, s. 445-544
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field.
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| 8. |
- Kurz, Tino, et al.
(författare)
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A myelopoiesis gene signature during remission in ANCA associated vasculitis does not predict relapses but seems to reflect ongoing prednisolone therapy
- 2014
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Ingår i: Clinical and Experimental Immunology. - : Wiley-Blackwell. - 0009-9104 .- 1365-2249. ; 175:2, s. 215-226
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A myelopoiesis gene signature in circulating leucocytes, exemplified by increased myeloperoxidase (MPO) and proteinase 3 (PR3) mRNA levels, has been reported in patients with active anti-neutrophil cytoplasm antibody associated vasculitis (AAV) and to a lesser extent during remission. We hypothesized that this signature could predict disease relapse. mRNA levels of PR3, MPO, selected myelopoiesis transcription factors (CEBPA, CEBPB, SPIB, SPI1) and microRNAs (miRNAs) from patient and control peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) were analyzed and associated with clinical data. Patients in stable remission had higher mRNA levels for PR3 (PBMCs, PMNs) and MPO (PBMCs). PR3 and SPIB mRNA correlated positively in control but negatively in patient PBMCs. Statistically significant correlations existed between PR3 mRNA and several miRNAs in controls, but not in patients. PR3/MPO mRNA levels were not associated with previous or future relapses but correlated to steroid treatment. Prednisolone doses were negatively linked to SPIB and miR-155-5p, miR-339-5p (PBMCs) and to miR-221, miR-361, miR-505 (PMNs). PR3 mRNA in PBMCs correlated with time since last flare, blood leucocyte count and estimated glomerular filtration rate. Our results show that elevated leucocyte PR3 mRNA levels in AAV patients in remission do not predict relapse. The origin seems multifactorial, but to an important part explainable by prednisolone action. Gene signatures in patients with AAV undergoing steroid treatment should therefore be interpreted accordingly.
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| 9. |
- Kurz, Tino, et al.
(författare)
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Cell sensitivity to oxidative stress is influenced by ferritin autophagy
- 2011
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Ingår i: FREE RADICAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE. - : Elsevier Science B.V., Amsterdam.. - 0891-5849. ; 50:11, s. 1647-1658
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To test the consequences of lysosomal degradation of differently iron-loaded ferritin molecules and to mimic ferritin autophagy under iron-overload and normal conditions, J774 cells were allowed to endocytose heavily iron loaded ferritin, probably with some adventitious iron (Fe-Ft), or iron-free apo-ferritin (apo-Ft). When cells subsequently were exposed to a bolus dose of hydrogen peroxide, apo-Ft prevented lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP), whereas Fe-Ft enhanced LMP. A 4-h pulse of Fe-Ft initially increased oxidative stress-mediated LMP that was reversed after another 3 h under standard culture conditions, suggesting that lysosomal iron is rapidly exported from lysosomes, with resulting upregulation of apo-ferritin that supposedly is autophagocytosed, thereby preventing LMP by binding intralysosomal redox-active iron. The obtained data suggest that upregulation of the stress protein ferritin is a rapid adaptive mechanism that counteracts LMP and ensuing apoptosis during oxidative stress. In addition, prolonged iron starvation was found to induce apoptotic cell death that, interestingly, was preceded by LMP, suggesting that LMP is a more general phenomenon in apoptosis than so far recognized. The findings provide new insights into aging and neurodegenerative diseases that are associated with enhanced amounts of cellular iron and show that lysosomal iron loading sensitizes to oxidative stress.
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| 10. |
- Kurz, Tino, et al.
(författare)
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Effects of MnDPDP andICRF-187 on Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicityand Anticancer Activity1
- 2012
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Ingår i: Translational Oncology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1944-7124 .- 1936-5233. ; 5:4, s. 252-259
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Oxidative stress participates in doxorubicin (Dx)–induced cardiotoxicity. The metal complex MnDPDP and its metaboliteMnPLED possess SOD-mimetic activity, DPDP and PLED have, in addition, high affinity for iron. Mice wereinjected intravenously with MnDPDP, DPDP, or dexrazoxane (ICRF-187). Thirty minutes later, mice were killed, theleft atria were hung in organ baths and electrically stimulated, saline or Dx was added, and the contractility wasmeasured for 60 minutes. In parallel experiments, 10 μM MnDPDP or MnPLED was added directly into the organbath. The effect of MnDPDP on antitumor activity of Dx against two human tumor xenografts (MX-1 and A2780)was investigated. The in vitro cytotoxic activity was studied by co-incubating A2780 cells with MnDPDP, DPDP,and/or Dx. Dx caused a marked reduction in contractile force. In vivo treatment with MnDPDP and ICRF-187 attenuatedthe negative effect of Dx. When added directly into the bath, MnDPDP did not protect, whereas MnPLEDattenuated the Dx effect by approximately 50%. MnDPDP or ICRF-187 did not interfere negatively with the antitumoractivity of Dx, either in vivo or in vitro. Micromolar concentrations of DPDP but not MnDPDP displayed anin vitro cytotoxic activity against A2780 cells. The present results show that MnDPDP, after being metabolized toMnPLED, protects against acute Dx cardiotoxicity. Both in vivo and in vitro experiments show that cardioprotectiontakes place without interfering negatively with the anticancer activity of Dx. Furthermore, the results suggest thatthe previously described cytotoxic in vivo activity of MnDPDP is an inherent property of DPDP.Translational Oncology (2012) 5, 252–259
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